Macphail's theorem revisited

DOI10.1007/S00013-021-01676-ZMaRDI QIDQ2052370zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Janiely Silva, Daniel Pellegrino

Publication date 26 November 2021

Published in Archiv der Mathematik (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07626

zbMATH Keywords

absolute convergence Dvoretzky-Rogers theorem Macphail's theorem unconditional convergence

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Summability and bases; functional analytic aspects of frames in Banach and Hilbert spaces (46B15)

Abstract: In 1947, M. S. Macphail constructed a series in

e l l_{1}

that converges unconditionally but does not converge absolutely. According to the literature, this result helped Dvoretzky and Rogers to finally answer a long standing problem of Banach Space Theory, by showing that in all infinite-dimensional Banach spaces, there exists an unconditionally summable sequence that fails to be absolutely summable. More precisely, the Dvoretzky--Rogers Theorem asserts that in every infinite-dimensional Banach space

E

there exists an unconditionally convergent series

e x t s t y l e s u m x^{(j)}

such that

e x t s t y l e s u m V e r t x^{(j)} V e r t^{^{2 - v a r e p s i l o n}} = i n f t y

for all

v a r e p s i l o n > 0.

Their proof is non-constructive and Macphail's result for

E = e l l_{1}

provides a constructive proof just for

v a r e p s i l o n g e q 1.

In this note we revisit Machphail's paper and present two alternative constructions that work for all

v a r e p s i l o n > 0.

Review text

For most classical infinite dimensional Banach spaces, it is an easy exercise to explicitly construct a series that is unconditionally convergent, but not absolutely convergent. A notable exception is the sequence space \(\ell_1\); there, such a series was first constructed by \textit{M.~S. Macphail} [Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 53, 121--123 (1947; Zbl 0032.35702)] using a Rademacher-like system of elements of \(\ell_1\). Shortly afterwards, the Dvoretzky-Rogers theorem was proved to the effect that in every Banach space there is, given \((\lambda_n)\in \ell_2\), an unconditionally convergent series \(\sum x_n\) such that \(\|x_n\|=|\lambda_n|\) [\textit{A.~Dvoretzky} and \textit{C.~A. Rogers}, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 36, 192--197 (1950; Zbl 0036.36303)]. However, their method of proof was not constructive. The present paper is devoted to giving explicit examples of series \(\sum x_n\) in \(\ell_p\), \(1\le p\le 2\), that are unconditionally convergent, but satisfy \(\sum \|x_n\|_p^r=\infty \) for each \(r<2\). The first of these examples only works for complex scalars, and a second example works in both the real and the complex case; the latter employs the Walsh system.

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