The -congruent number elliptic curves via Fermat-type algorithms

DOI10.1007/S00574-020-00237-2MaRDI QIDQ2052812zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Sajad Salami, Arman Shamsi Zargar

Publication date 29 November 2021

Published in Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society. New Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.13451

zbMATH Keywords

elliptic curvesFermat's algorithmgeneral congruent numbersrational triangles

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Elliptic curves over global fields (11G05) Elliptic curves (14H52)

Abstract: A positive integer $N$ is called a $heta$-congruent number if there is a $a$-triangle $(a,b,c)$ with rational sides for which the angle between $a$ and $b$ is equal to $heta$ and its area is $Nsqrt{r}^2-s^2$, where $hetain(0,pi)$, $cos(heta)=s/r$, and $0leq|s|<r$ are coprime integers. It is attributed to Fujiwara cite{fujw1} that $N$ is a $a$-congruent number if and only if the elliptic curve $E_N^a:y^2=x(x+(r+s)N)(x-(r-s)N)$ has a point of order greater than $2$ in its group of rational points. Moreover, a natural number $Neq1,2,3,6$ is a $a$-congruent number if and only if rank of $E_N^a(Q)$ is greater than zero. In this paper, we answer positively to a question concerning the existence of methods to create new rational $heta$-triangle for a $heta$-congruent number $N$ from given ones by generalizing the Fermat's algorithm, which produces new rational right triangles for congruent numbers from a given one, for any angle $heta$ satisfying the above conditions. We show that this generalization is analogous to the duplication formula in $E_N^{h}eta(mathbbQ)$. Then, based on the addition of two distinct points in $E_N^{h}eta(mathbbQ)$, we provide a way to find new rational $a$-triangles for the $heta$-congruent number $N$ using given two distinct ones. Finally, we give an alternative proof for Fujiwara's theorem 2.2 and one side of Theorem 2.3. In particular, we provide a list of all torsion points in $E_N^{h}eta(mathbbQ)$ with corresponding rational $heta$-triangles

Review text

The congruent number problem has a long history in number theory, and it is equivalent to the problem of determining whether the quadratic twist of the elliptic curve \(E_N: y^2=x^3-N^2x\) has a rational point of infinite order. \textit{M. Fujiwara} [in: Number theory. Diophantine, computational and algebraic aspects. Proceedings of the international conference, Eger, Hungary, July 29--August 2, 1996. Berlin: de Gruyter. 235--241 (1998; Zbl 0920.11035); Nat. Sci. Rep. Ochanomizu Univ. 52, No. 2, 1--8 (2001; Zbl 1025.11016)] generalized this problem to the triangles one of whose angle is fixed to be \(\theta \in (0,\pi)\), i.e., given a positive integer \(N\), determine whether or not it can be the area of a triangle such that one of its angle is \(\theta\), and it has rational side lengths. Fujiwara showed that the problem is nearly equivalent to determining whether the quadratic twist of a certain elliptic curve \(E_N^\theta\) has a rational point of infinite order. Such an integer \(N\) is called a \(\theta\)-congruent number, and the triangle with the property is called a \(\theta\)-congruent number triangle with area \(N\). The correspondence is in fact more specific. Given a congruent number \(N\) and the three sides \((a,b,c)\) of its right triangle, we can construct a rational point \((x,y)\) of infinite order on \(E_N\), and the converse holds as well. Fujiwara generalizes this construction for triangles with fixed angle \(\theta\), i.e., he constructs a rational point of infinite order on \(E_N^\theta\) from a \(\theta\)-congruent number triangle with area \(N\), and vice versa. Via this connection to elliptic curves, there must be a way of constructing more \(\theta\)-congruent number triangles with area \(N\) using the group law of elliptic curves if we are given one \(\theta\)-congruent number triangle with area \(N\). Fermat showed one method for \(\theta=\pi/2\). The authors of the paper under review generalizes Fermat's algorithm for all values of \(\theta\), and they also show that their general formula corresponds to the one obtained by the multiplication-by-2 map on the elliptic curve \(E_N^\theta\). The authors also present an alternative proof to Fujiwara's result on the connection to elliptic curves.

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Cites work

• A theorem of Fermat on congruent number curves
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• On \(\theta\)-congruent numbers on real quadratic number fields
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• Proof of a Conjecture of Lewis Carroll
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• The Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves
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Cited in

(7)

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• Calculation of Selmer groups of elliptic curves with rational 2-torsions and -congruent number problem.
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