Some exceptional sets of Borel-Bernstein theorem in continued fractions

DOI10.1007/S11139-020-00320-8MaRDI QIDQ2054710zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Lulu Fang, Kunkun Song, Jihua Ma

Publication date 3 December 2021

Published in The Ramanujan Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.07939

zbMATH Keywords

continued fractions Hausdorff dimension partial quotients

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Metric theory of continued fractions (11K50) Fractals (28A80)

Abstract: Let

[a_{1} (x), a_{2} (x), a_{3} (x), c d o t s]

denote the continued fraction expansion of a real number

x i n [0, 1)

. This paper is concerned with certain exceptional sets of the Borel-Bernstein Theorem on the growth rate of

{a_{n} (x)}_{n g e q 1}

. As a main result, the Hausdorff dimension of the set [ E_{sup}(psi)=left{xin[0,1): limsuplimits_{n oinfty}frac{log a_n(x)}{psi(n)}=1 ight} ] is determined, where

p s i : m a t h b b N i g h t a r r o w m a t h b b R^{+}

tends to infinity as

n o i n f t y

.

Review text

For a real number \(x\in[0,1)\), denote the continued fraction expansion of \(x\) by \(x=[a_1(x),a_2(x),a_3(x),\dots]\), where \(a_1(x),a_2(x),a_3(x),\dots\) are positive integers. The Borel-Bernstein Theorem asserts that for Lebesgue almost all \(x\in[0,1)\), \(a_n(x)\ge\psi(n)\) holds for infinitely many \(n\)' s or finitely many \(n\)' s depending on whether \(\sum_{n\ge 1}1/\psi(n)\) diverges or converges. This paper is concerned with Hausdorff dimension of some exceptional sets of \(\limsup_{n\to\infty}\log a_n(x)/\log n=1\) as a consequence of the Borel-Bernstein Theorem. As a main result, the Hausdorff dimension of the set \[ E_{\sup}(\psi)=\left\{x\in[0,1):\limsup_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log a_n(x)}{\psi(n)}=1\right\}, \] is determined, where \(\psi:\mathbb N\rightarrow\mathbb R^{+}\) is a function satisfying \(\psi(n)\to\infty\) as \(n\to\infty\). Namely, \[ \dim_H E_{\mathrm{inf}} (\psi)=\frac{1}{A+1}, \] where \(A\) is given by \[ \log A=\liminf_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log\psi(n)}{n}. \] The Hausdorff dimension of the sets \[ E(\psi)=\left\{x\in[0,1):\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log a_n(x)}{\psi(n)}=1\right\} \] and \[ E_{\mathrm{inf}} (\psi)=\left\{x\in[0,1):\liminf_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log a_n(x)}{\psi(n)}=1\right\} \] are also determined as \[ \dim_H E(\psi)=\frac{1}{2+\xi} \] and \[\dim_H E_{\mathrm{inf}} (\psi)=\frac{1}{B+1}, \] where \[ \xi=\limsup_{n\to\infty}\frac{\psi(n+1)}{\psi(1)+\cdots+\psi(n)} \] and \[ \log B=\limsup_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log\psi(n)}{n}, \] respectively.

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