Continuous solutions to two iterative functional equations

DOI10.1007/S00010-021-00794-XMaRDI QIDQ2055259zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 6 December 2021

Published in Aequationes Mathematicae (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s00010-021-00794-x

convergence in law dense sets Haar zero sets Hölder continuous solutions iterates iterative functional equations random-valued functions sets of first category

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Lipschitz (Hölder) classes (26A16) Random iteration (37H12) Iteration theory, iterative and composite equations (39B12) Descriptive set theory (topological aspects of Borel, analytic, projective, etc. sets) (54H05)

Review text

Let \((\Omega,\mathcal{A},P)\) be a probability space and \((X,\rho)\) a separable metric space with the \(\sigma\)-algebra \(\mathcal{B}\) of all its Borel subsets. Let \(f:X\times \Omega \to X\) be a \(\mathcal{B}\otimes \mathcal{A}\) measurable function. The author's aim is to look for continuous solutions \(\varphi: X \to \mathbb{R}\) of the equations \begin{align*} \varphi(x)&=F(x)-\int_{\Omega} \varphi(f(x,\omega))P(d\omega), \tag{1} \\ \varphi(x)&=F(x)+\int_{\Omega} \varphi(f(x,\omega))P(d\omega). \tag{2} \end{align*} Define \[ f^0(x,\omega_1,\omega_2,\dots)=x, \qquad f^n(x,\omega_1,\omega_2,\dots)=f(f^{n-1}(x,\omega_1,\omega_2,\dots),\omega_n), \] and \[ \pi_n^f(x,B)=P^{\infty}(f^n(x,\cdot)\in B), \quad n\in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0\}, \ B\in \mathcal{B}. \] Under the following conditions \[ \int_{\Omega} \rho(f(x,\omega),f(z,\omega))P(d\omega)\le \lambda \rho(x,z), \quad x,z \in X, \ \lambda \in (0,1), \tag{3} \] and \[ \int_{\Omega} \rho(f(x,\omega),x)P(d\omega)< \infty, \] there exists a probability Borel measure \(\pi^f\) on \(X\) such that for every \(x\in X\) the sequence \((\pi_n^f(x,\cdot))\) converges weakly to \(\pi^f\). Assuming these conditions with a fixed \(\lambda \in (0,1)\), let \(\mathcal{F}(X)\) be defined as the set of all continuous functions \(F:X \to \mathbb{R}\) such that there are a sequence \((F_n)\) of real functions on \(X\) and constants \(\theta \in (0,1)\), \(L\in (0,1/\lambda)\) and \(\alpha, \beta \in (0, \infty)\) such that \[ |F(x)-F_n(x)|\le \alpha \theta^n, \quad x\in X,\ n\in \mathbb{N}, \] and \[ |F_n(x)-F_n(z)|\le \beta L^n\rho(x,z), \quad x,z \in X,\ n\in \mathbb{N}. \] The first result can now be stated. Theorem. Assume the previous conditions. If \(F \in \mathcal{F}(X)\) then \[ \varphi(x)=F(x)-\frac{1}{2}\int_X F(z)\pi^f(dz)+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} (-1)^n\Big(\int_X F(z)\pi_n^f(x,dz)-\int_X F(z)\pi^f(dz)\Big), \quad x\in X, \] defines a continuous solution of (1). If additionally the condition \(\int_X F(x)\pi^f(dx)=0\) holds true, then the formula \[ \varphi_0(x)=F(x)+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \int_X F(z)\pi_n^f(x,dz), \quad x\in X, \] defines a continuous solution \(\varphi_0:X \to \mathbb{R}\) of (2). Concerning the problem of uniqueness of solution the following is proved. Theorem. Assume the previous conditions. Let \(F \in \mathcal{F}(X)\). \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] If \(\varphi_1, \varphi_2\in \mathcal{F}(X)\) are solutions of (1), then \(\varphi_1=\varphi_2\). \item[(ii)] If \(\varphi_1, \varphi_2\in \mathcal{F}(X)\) are solutions of (2), then \(\varphi_1-\varphi_2\) is a constant function. \end{itemize} The last problem investigated in the paper is about the number of functions \(F\) for which (1) and (2) have continuous solutions. Assume that \((X,\rho)\) is a compact metric space and that condition (3) holds true. Define \begin{align*} \mathcal{F}_1&=\{F\in C(X): \text{Eq. (1) has a continuous solution} \}, \\ \mathcal{F}_2&=\{F\in C_f: \text{Eq. (2) has a continuous solution} \}, \end{align*} where \[ C_f=\{F\in C(X): \int_X F(x)\pi^f(dx)=0 \}. \] Theorem. Under the previous assumptions, the following holds: \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] \(\mathcal{F}_1\) is a Borel and dense subset of \(C(X)\), and if \(\mathcal{F}_1\neq C(X)\), then \(\mathcal{F}_1\) is of first category in \(C(X)\) and a Haar zero subset of \(C(X)\). \item[(ii)] \(\mathcal{F}_2\) is a Borel and dense subset of \(C_f\), and if \(\mathcal{F}_2\neq C_f\), then \(\mathcal{F}_2\) is of first category in \(C_f\) and a Haar zero subset of \(C_f\). \end{itemize}

Recommendations

Cites work

Cited in

(12)

This page was built for publication: Continuous solutions to two iterative functional equations

Report a bug (only for logged in users!)Click here to report a bug for this page (MaRDI item Q2055259)