Escaping orbits are also rare in the almost periodic Fermi-Ulam ping-pong
Dynamical aspects of measure-preserving transformations (37A05) Relations between ergodic theory and harmonic analysis (37A46) Orbit growth in dynamical systems (37C35) Periodic and quasi-periodic flows and diffeomorphisms (37C55) Classical almost periodic functions, mean periodic functions (42A75) Almost periodic functions on groups and semigroups and their generalizations (recurrent functions, distal functions, etc.); almost automorphic functions (43A60) Forced motions for nonlinear problems in mechanics (70K40)
The eponymous Fermi-Ulam ping-pong game is a theoretical model of a charged particle bouncing off magnetic mirrors and gaining energy as a result via Fermi acceleration. \textit{E. Fermi} [Phys. Rev., II. Ser. 75, 1169--1174 (1949; Zbl 0032.09604)] introduced this as a possible model for the origin of high energy cosmic radiation, making the question of whether particle velocities can approach the speed of light particularly pertinent. A one-dimensional version of the question is a point particle bouncing elastically between vertical plates of infinite mass, one fixed and one moving in time in accordance with a forcing function. One is interested in escaping orbits, for which the velocity diverges to infinity. The main result here is that for a Bohr almost periodic forcing function the set of initial conditions leading to escaping orbits is a Lebesgue null set.
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