Sobolev gradients for the Möbius energy

DOI10.1007/S00205-021-01680-1MaRDI QIDQ2065714zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Yanyan Li

Publication date 12 January 2022

Published in Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07448

zbMATH Keywords

discrete energy gradient flow Möbius energy Sobolev gradient

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Fréchet and Gateaux differentiability in optimization (49J50) Differentiation theory (Gateaux, Fréchet, etc.) on manifolds (58C20) Pseudodifferential and Fourier integral operators on manifolds (58J40)

Abstract: Aiming at optimizing the shape of closed embedded curves within prescribed isotopy classes, we use a gradient-based approach to approximate stationary points of the M"obius energy. The gradients are computed with respect to Sobolev inner products similar to the

W^{3 / 2, 2}

-inner product. This leads to optimization methods that are significantly more efficient and robust than standard techniques based on

L^{2}

-gradients.

Review text

The Möbius energy for an embedded curve \( \gamma \) in \( \mathbb{R}^m \) is \[ \mathcal{E} ( \gamma ) = \int_{ \mathbb{T} } \int_{ \mathbb{T} } \left( \frac 1 { | \gamma (x) - \gamma (y ) |^2 } - \frac 1 { \rho_\gamma^2 ( x,y ) } \right) | \gamma^\prime (x) | | \gamma^\prime (y) | \, dx dy , \] where \( \mathbb{T} = \mathbb{R} / \mathbb{Z} \). We denote the Fréchet derivative (gradient) at \( \gamma \) in \( L^2 \)-space by \( D \mathcal{E} ( \gamma ) \). Let \( G \) be an inner product on a function space on \( \mathbb{T} \). The \( G \)-gradient \( \left. \mathrm{grad} ( \mathcal{E} ) \right|_\gamma \) is defined as \[ G ( \left. \mathrm{grad} ( \mathcal{E} ) \right|_\gamma , w ) = D \mathcal{E} ( \gamma ) w , \] where \( w \in C^\infty ( \mathbb{T} , \mathbb{R}^m ) \). The most typical one is the \( L^2 \)-gradient which is defined using the standard \( L^2 \)-inner product: \[ G ( u,v ) = \int_{ \mathbb{T} } \langle u(x) , v(x) \rangle | \gamma^\prime (x) | \, dx . \] \textit{Z.-X. He} [Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 53, No. 4, 399--431 (2000; Zbl 1042.53043)] showed that the \( L^2 \)-gradient is a pseudo-differential operator of third order with the principal term \( ( - \Delta )^{ \frac 32 } \) modulo constant multiplication. For an explicit expression including lower order terms, see \textit{A. Ishizeki} and \textit{T. Nagasawa} [Math. Ann. 363, No. 1--2, 617--635 (2015; Zbl 1330.53005)]. \par The present authors study the \( G \)-gradient with other inner products, and show several advantages of it. Firstly, they explain their approach using the inner product \[ G( u , v ) = \int_{ \mathbb{T} } ( - \Delta )^{ 3/4 } \langle u(x) , ( - \Delta )^{ 3/4 } v(x) \rangle | \gamma^\prime (x) | \, dx \] as a good one. Then, it holds at least formally that \[ \left. \mathrm{grad} ( \mathcal{E} ) \right|_\gamma = ( - \Delta )^{ - 3/2 } D \mathcal{E} ( \gamma ) . \] Due to He [loc. cit.], this is a pseudo-differential operator of order \( 0 \). Hence the \( G \)-gradient flow is an ordinary differential equation on the Banach space to which \( \gamma \) belongs. In fact, the authors choose the \( W^{ 3/2 ,2 } \)-Galgliardo inner product as \( G \), and call the \( G \)-gradient a \textit{Sobolev gradient} \par The main result is that the Sobolev gradient above is a well-defined, locally Lipschitz continuous vector field on the configuration space. This yields the local well-posedness of the gradient flow. As a second advantage, since the gradient flow is an ordinary differential equation, one does not need the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition for discretization. Furthermore, corresponding results under constraints (the projected gradient) are obtained. Though the discussion is not concise, the authors present a detailed strategy in the beginning of every section. Note that they quote all Lemmas, Propositions, and Theorems as Theorems (eg., they quote Lemma 4.2 as \textit{Theorem 4.2}).

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