Congruences related to dual sequences and Catalan numbers

DOI10.1016/J.EJC.2021.103458MaRDI QIDQ2065994zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Michael X. X. Zhong, Rong-Hua Wang

Publication date 13 January 2022

Published in European Journal of Combinatorics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.04439

zbMATH Keywords

Catalan numberscongruencesdual sequences

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Factorials, binomial coefficients, combinatorial functions (05A10) Congruences; primitive roots; residue systems (11A07) Binomial coefficients; factorials; (q)-identities (11B65)

Abstract: During the study of dual sequences, Sun introduced the polynomials [ D_n(x,y)=sum_{k=0}^{n}{nchoose k}{xchoose k}y^k ext{ and } S_n(x,y)=sum_{k=0}^{n}�inom{n}{k}�inom{x}{k}�inom{-1-x}{k} y^k. ] Many related congruences have been established and conjectured by Sun. Here we generalize some of them by determining [ sum_{k=0}^{p-1}D_k(x_1,y_1)D_k(x_2,y_2)pmod p ext{ and } sum_{k=0}^{p-1}S_k(x_1,y_1)S_k(x_2,y_2)pmod p ] for any odd prime $p$ and $p$-adic integers $x_i,y_i$ with $iin1,2$. Considering the immediate connection between binomial coefficients and Catalan numbers, we also characterize [ sum_{n=0}^{p-1}left(sum_{k=0}^n {n choose k} frac{C_k}{a^k} ight)^2 pmod {p}, ] where $C_k$ denotes the $k$th Catalan number, $ainmathbbZsetminus0$ with $gcd(a,p)=1$. These confirm and generalise some of Sun's conjectures.

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Cited in

(7)

• Supercongruences involving dual sequences
• Some results on a class of polynomials related to convolutions of the Catalan sequence
• Constant term evaluation and two kinds of congruence
• Congruences for the second-order Catalan numbers
• Some congruences involvıng Catalan, Pell and Fibonacci numbers
• On some conjectural supercongruences involving the sequence \(t_n(x)\)
• On a conjectural supercongruence involving the dual sequence s_n(x)

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