Some results on a class of polynomials related to convolutions of the Catalan sequence
Bezoutian matrixCatalan numbersDumas' theoremJacobi's theoremFrobenius' theorem Eisenstein's criterionNewton's symmetric functionspolynomial irreducibilitySylvester's theorem
Exact enumeration problems, generating functions (05A15) Binomial coefficients; factorials; (q)-identities (11B65) Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Polynomials in number theory (11C08) Polynomials (irreducibility, etc.) (11R09) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45)
This paper investigates the combinatorial aspects of the monic polynomials \[ S_n(x)= \sum_{i=0}^{n}\frac{2i+2}{n+2+i} \binom{2n+1}{n-i} x^i, n \geq 0 , \] whose coefficients were proved, by the same authors [Mediterr. J. Math. 10, No. 4, 1609--1630 (2013; Zbl 1279.33014); erratum ibid. 10, No. 4, 1613 (2013)], to be the \(k\)-fold convolutions of the Catalan numbers sequence for \(k\) even. Here the authors study new properties of \(S_n(x)\), establishing the irreducibility of some of their infinite subsets and obtaining a generating function of the Catalan number sequence (and all its convolutions) in terms of a simple rational function in two variables. The paper is organized as follows. The \textit{Introduction} explains the main achievements and the principal tools in the paper. The authors invite to deepen the knowledge of the Catalan numbers through the works of \textit{P. Hilton} and \textit{J. Pedersen} [Math. Intell. 13, No. 2, 64--75 (1991; Zbl 0767.05010)] and \textit{R. P. Stanley} [Enumerative combinatorics. Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1999; Zbl 0928.05001)]. Section 2 establishes that all the polynomials \(S_n(x)\) have no multiple roots and, furthermore, \(S_n(x)\) of even degree have no real roots whereas those of odd degree have exactly one root. In the proof, the authors employ a result due to \textit{J. J. Sylvester} [The Collected Mathematical Papers. Volume I: (1837--1853). Cambridge: At the University Press (1904; JFM 35.0020.01)] about signature and rank of the Bezoutian matrices associated to the roots of monic polynomials via the Newton's symmetric functions, together with other known matrix rules such as the \textit{good property}, the \textit{Laplace expansion} and the theorems of Jacobi and Frobenius illustrated, e.g., in [\textit{F. R. Gantmakher}, The theory of matrices. (in Russian). Moscow: Gosudarstv. Izdat. Tekhn.-Teor. Lit. (1953; Zbl 0050.24804)]. Section 3 recalls the works of \textit{V. V. Prasolov} [Polynomials. Berlin: Springer (2004; Zbl 1063.12001)] and \textit{J. H. Wahab} [Duke Math. J. 19, 165--176 (1952; Zbl 0049.29602)] to remark the importance of a theorem, from \textit{G. Dumas} [J. Math. Pures Appl. (6) 2, 191--258 (1906; JFM 37.0096.01)], used to explore the irreducibility of \(S_n(x)\). Section 4 applies Eisenstein's criterion described by \textit{H. L. Dorwart} [Am. Math. Mon. 42, 369--381 (1935; Zbl 0011.38801)] and a theorem of \textit{J. W. L. Glaisher} [Q. J. Math. 30, 150--156 (1899; JFM 29.0152.03)] in order to prove the irreducibility, over the integers, of the polynomials \(S_n(x)\) when \(n=2^r-1\) with \(r \geq 1\) or \(n\) is even with \(2n+1\) prime. Section 5 collects some evidence excluding the rationality of the unique real roots of the odd degree polynomials \(S_n(x)\) which would prove their irreducibility. Moreover, the authors conjecture that \(p\) is an odd prime if and only if \(S_p(x)=x^p+(p-1)x^{p-2}+2 \pmod p\) and they notice that, according to \textit{R. Church} [Ann. Math. (2) 36, 198--209 (1935; Zbl 0011.00501)], such polynomial is not reducible for \(p=5\).
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