On the explicit representation of the trace space H^32 and of the solutions to biharmonic Dirichlet problems on Lipschitz domains via multi-parameter Steklov problems

, by means of Fourier series associated with the eigenfunctions of new multi-parameter biharmonic Steklov problems which we introduce with this specific purpose. These definitions coincide with the classical ones when the domain is smooth. Our spaces allow to represent in series the solutions to the biharmonic Dirichlet problem. Moreover, a few spectral properties of the multi-parameter biharmonic Steklov problems are considered, as well as explicit examples. Our approach is similar to that developed by G. Auchmuty for the space

H^{1} (O m e g a)

, based on the classical second order Steklov problem.

Review text

Let \(\Omega\) be a bounded domain in \(\mathbb R^N\), \(N\geq 2\), of class \(C^{0,1}\), and \(\sigma\in\big(-\frac{1}{N-1},1\big)\). The following biharmonic Steklov problems are introduced: (\(BS_{\mu}\)): \(\Delta^2v=0\) in \(\Omega\) and \[(1-\sigma)\frac{\partial^2v}{\partial \nu^2}+\sigma\Delta v=\lambda(\mu)\frac{\partial v}{\partial \nu},\quad -(1-\sigma)\text{div}_{\partial\Omega}(D^2v\cdot\nu)_{\partial\Omega}-\frac{\partial\Delta v}{\partial \nu}= \mu v\text{ on }\partial\Omega,\] and (\(BS_{\lambda}\)): \(\Delta^2u=0\) in \(\Omega\) and \[(1-\sigma)\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial \nu^2}+\sigma\Delta u=\lambda\frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu},\quad -(1-\sigma)\text{div}_{\partial\Omega}(D^2u\cdot\nu)_{\partial\Omega}-\frac{\partial\Delta u}{\partial\nu}=\mu(\lambda)u\text{ on }\partial\Omega,\] where \(\lambda, \mu \in\mathbb R\) are fixed. For \(u,v \in H^2(\Omega)\), set \[\mathcal Q_{\sigma}(u,v)=(1-\sigma)\int_{\Omega}D^2u:D^2v\, dx+\sigma\int_{\Omega} \Delta u\Delta v \,dx\] where \(D^2u:D^2v\) denotes the Frobenius product of the Hessians matrices. The weak formulations of problems (\(BS_{\mu}\)) and (\(BS_{\lambda}\)) read, respectively: \[(1)\quad \mathcal Q_{\sigma}(v,\varphi)-\mu\int_{\partial\Omega} v\varphi ds=\lambda(\mu)\int_{\partial\Omega} \frac{\partial v}{\partial\nu}\frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial\nu}ds \quad\forall \varphi\in H^2(\Omega).\] and \[(2)\quad \mathcal Q_{\sigma}(u,\varphi)-\lambda\int_{\partial\Omega} \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu}\frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial \nu}ds=\mu(\lambda)\int_{\partial\Omega}u\varphi ds \quad\forall \varphi\in H^2(\Omega).\] It is proved that, when \( \mu<0\), problem (1) has a non decreasing sequence of real eigenvalues \(\{\lambda_j(\mu) \}_{j=1}^{\infty}\). Moreover, a suitable normalization \(\{\hat{v}_{j,\mu}\}_{j=1}^{\infty}\) of the system of corresponding eigenfunctions \(\{v_{j,\mu}\}_{j=1}^{\infty}\), form a Hilbert basis of \(L^2(\partial \Omega)\) (Theorem 3.3). A similar result is obtained for problem (2). Let \(\eta_1\) be the first eigenvalue of the problem: \[ \mathcal Q_{\sigma}(u,\varphi)=\eta\int_{\partial\Omega} \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu}\frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial \nu}\,ds \quad \forall\varphi\in H^2(\Omega)\cap H^1_o(\Omega). \] If \(\lambda<\eta_1\), problem (2) has a non decreasing sequence of eigenvalues \(\{\mu_j(\lambda)\}_{j=1}^{\infty},\) which gives rise to a Hilbert basis \(\{\hat{u}_{j,\lambda} \}_{j=1}^{\infty}\) of \(L^2(\partial\Omega)\) (Theorem 3.10). The following trace-spaces are defined: \[\mathcal S^{\frac{3}{2}}(\partial \Omega)= \mathcal S^{\frac{3}{2}}_{\lambda}(\partial\Omega)= \left\{f\in L^2(\partial\Omega):f=\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}\hat{a}_j\hat{u}_{j,\lambda} \text{ with }\left(\sqrt{|\mu_j(\lambda)|}\hat{a}_j\right)_{j=1}^{\infty} \in \ell^2 \right\}\] and \[\mathcal S^{\frac{1}{2}}(\partial \Omega)= \mathcal S^{\frac{1}{2}}_{\mu}(\partial\Omega)= \left\{f\in L^2(\partial\Omega):f=\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}\hat{b}_j\hat{v}_{j,\mu} \text{ with }\left(\sqrt{|\lambda_j(\mu)|}\hat{b}_j\right)_{j=1}^{\infty} \in \ell^2 \right\}\] They are independant of \(\lambda\) and \(\mu\), are endowed with the natural norms, and coincide with the usual trace-spaces \(H^{\frac{3}{2}}(\partial\Omega)\) and \(H^{\frac{1}{2}}(\partial\Omega),\) when \(\Omega\) is of class \(C^{2,1}\). These results are applied to the Dirichlet problem (Section 4.1). The particular cases when \(\Omega\) is the unit ball and \(\sigma=0\), \(\mu>0\), and \(\lambda>\eta_1\) are also discussed.

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