Banach-Mazur game and open mapping theorem

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2022.108330MaRDI QIDQ2105024zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 8 December 2022

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.00432

Baire space Banach-Mazur game closed graph theorem open mapping theorem

Several topologies on one set (change of topology, comparison of topologies, lattices of topologies) (54A10) Quotient spaces, decompositions in general topology (54B15) Special maps on topological spaces (open, closed, perfect, etc.) (54C10) Lower separation axioms ((T_0)--(T_3), etc.) (54D10) Baire category, Baire spaces (54E52)

Review text

This paper defines the following variant of the Banach-Mazur game, referred to as the tandem Banach-Mazur game. We fix a topological space \(E\) and there are two players, \(\beta^\prime\) and \(\alpha^\prime\). In the first turn, \(\beta^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(V_1\) of \(X\). In the second turn, \(\alpha^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(V_1^\prime \subseteq V_1\). In the third turn, \(\beta^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(W_1\) of \(X\). In the fourth turn, \(\alpha^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(W_1^\prime \subseteq W_1\). Now let \(k > 1\) and suppose we have \(V_j\), \(V_j^\prime\), \(W_j\), and \(W_j^\prime\) all defined for \(1 \leq j < k\). In turn \(4k-3\), \(\beta^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(V_k \subseteq V_{k-1}^\prime\) and, in turn \(4k-2\), \(\alpha^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(V_k^\prime \subseteq V_k\). In turn \(4k-1\), \(\beta^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(W_k \subseteq W_{k-1}^\prime\) and, in turn \(4k\), \(\alpha^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(W_k^\prime \subseteq W_k\). Player \(\alpha^\prime\) is declared the winner if both \(\bigcap_{n=1}^\infty V_n \neq \emptyset\) and \(\bigcap_{n=1}^\infty W_n \neq \emptyset\). Otherwise, \(\beta^\prime\) wins. The players \(\beta^\prime\) and \(\alpha^\prime\) are to be compared to the players \(\beta\) and \(\alpha\) of the usual Banach-Mazur game, which this paper defines as follows. Player \(\beta\) starts with a non-empty open \(V_1\) and then \(\alpha\) chooses a non-empty open \(U_1 \subseteq V_1\). In the \(n^{\mathrm{th}}\) inning, \(\beta\) chooses non-empty open \(V_n \subseteq U_{n-1}\) and \(\alpha\) responds with \(U_n \subseteq V_n\). Then \(\alpha\) wins if and only if \(\bigcap_{n=1}^\infty U_n \neq \emptyset\). It is shown that \(\alpha\) has a winning strategy in the Banach-Mazur game if and only if \(\alpha^\prime\) has a winning strategy in the tandem Banach-Mazur game. It is also remarked that, if \(\beta\) has a winning strategy in the Banach-Mazur game, then \(\beta^\prime\) has a winning strategy in the tandem Banach-Mazur game; however, the converse does not hold, in general. One of the first results is that, if \(\beta^\prime\) does not have a winning strategy in the tandem Banach-Mazur game, then \(E\times E\) is a Baire space. This is accomplished by playing the Banach-Mazur game on the product \(E \times E\) and viewing it as a play of the tandem Banach-Mazur game by looking at the projections onto each coordinate. The converse is left unresolved. Inspired by the above, the author defines the notion of \(\tau\)-Baire, which is precisely the collection of spaces for which \(\beta^\prime\) does not have a winning strategy in the tandem Banach-Mazur game. The remainder of the paper establishes open (and almost open) mapping theorems. We summarize some of those results. \begin{itemize} \item If \(E\) is a semi-regular \(\tau\)-Baire space and \(F\) is a \(\delta\)-space, then, for any continuous nearly open bijection \(f: E \to F\), \(f\) is open. \item Every semi-regular \(\tau^\ast\)-Baire space is a \(B_r\)-space. \item Let \(E\) be a \(\tau^\ast\)-Baire space and \(f : E \to F\) be a continuous and nearly open surjection. Suppose \(f\) is factorized as \(f = g \circ h\) where \(h : E \to G\) is a continuous surjection onto a semi-regular space \(G\) and \(g : G \to F\) is a continuous bijection. Then \(g\) is open. \item Let \(E\) be a (completely) regular \(\tau\)-Baire space and \(F\) be a (completely) regular \(\delta\)-space. If \(f : E \to F\) is a continuous nearly open surjection, then \(f\) is a (completely) regular-quotient map. \end{itemize} In the final pages, there are comments on in which classes of spaces the tandem Banach-Mazur game is determined; there is also discussion of barely Baire spaces, barely \(\tau\)-Baire spaces, the Michael game, and a closed graph theorem.

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