Banach-Mazur game and open mapping theorem (Q2105024)

This paper defines the following variant of the Banach-Mazur game, referred to as the tandem Banach-Mazur game. We fix a topological space \(E\) and there are two players, \(\beta^\prime\) and \(\alpha^\prime\). In the first turn, \(\beta^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(V_1\) of \(X\). In the second turn, \(\alpha^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(V_1^\prime \subseteq V_1\). In the third turn, \(\beta^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(W_1\) of \(X\). In the fourth turn, \(\alpha^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(W_1^\prime \subseteq W_1\). Now let \(k > 1\) and suppose we have \(V_j\), \(V_j^\prime\), \(W_j\), and \(W_j^\prime\) all defined for \(1 \leq j < k\). In turn \(4k-3\), \(\beta^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(V_k \subseteq V_{k-1}^\prime\) and, in turn \(4k-2\), \(\alpha^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(V_k^\prime \subseteq V_k\). In turn \(4k-1\), \(\beta^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(W_k \subseteq W_{k-1}^\prime\) and, in turn \(4k\), \(\alpha^\prime\) chooses a non-empty open set \(W_k^\prime \subseteq W_k\). Player \(\alpha^\prime\) is declared the winner if both \(\bigcap_{n=1}^\infty V_n \neq \emptyset\) and \(\bigcap_{n=1}^\infty W_n \neq \emptyset\). Otherwise, \(\beta^\prime\) wins. The players \(\beta^\prime\) and \(\alpha^\prime\) are to be compared to the players \(\beta\) and \(\alpha\) of the usual Banach-Mazur game, which this paper defines as follows. Player \(\beta\) starts with a non-empty open \(V_1\) and then \(\alpha\) chooses a non-empty open \(U_1 \subseteq V_1\). In the \(n^{\mathrm{th}}\) inning, \(\beta\) chooses non-empty open \(V_n \subseteq U_{n-1}\) and \(\alpha\) responds with \(U_n \subseteq V_n\). Then \(\alpha\) wins if and only if \(\bigcap_{n=1}^\infty U_n \neq \emptyset\). It is shown that \(\alpha\) has a winning strategy in the Banach-Mazur game if and only if \(\alpha^\prime\) has a winning strategy in the tandem Banach-Mazur game. It is also remarked that, if \(\beta\) has a winning strategy in the Banach-Mazur game, then \(\beta^\prime\) has a winning strategy in the tandem Banach-Mazur game; however, the converse does not hold, in general. One of the first results is that, if \(\beta^\prime\) does not have a winning strategy in the tandem Banach-Mazur game, then \(E\times E\) is a Baire space. This is accomplished by playing the Banach-Mazur game on the product \(E \times E\) and viewing it as a play of the tandem Banach-Mazur game by looking at the projections onto each coordinate. The converse is left unresolved. Inspired by the above, the author defines the notion of \(\tau\)-Baire, which is precisely the collection of spaces for which \(\beta^\prime\) does not have a winning strategy in the tandem Banach-Mazur game. The remainder of the paper establishes open (and almost open) mapping theorems. We summarize some of those results. \begin{itemize} \item If \(E\) is a semi-regular \(\tau\)-Baire space and \(F\) is a \(\delta\)-space, then, for any continuous nearly open bijection \(f: E \to F\), \(f\) is open. \item Every semi-regular \(\tau^\ast\)-Baire space is a \(B_r\)-space. \item Let \(E\) be a \(\tau^\ast\)-Baire space and \(f : E \to F\) be a continuous and nearly open surjection. Suppose \(f\) is factorized as \(f = g \circ h\) where \(h : E \to G\) is a continuous surjection onto a semi-regular space \(G\) and \(g : G \to F\) is a continuous bijection. Then \(g\) is open. \item Let \(E\) be a (completely) regular \(\tau\)-Baire space and \(F\) be a (completely) regular \(\delta\)-space. If \(f : E \to F\) is a continuous nearly open surjection, then \(f\) is a (completely) regular-quotient map. \end{itemize} In the final pages, there are comments on in which classes of spaces the tandem Banach-Mazur game is determined; there is also discussion of barely Baire spaces, barely \(\tau\)-Baire spaces, the Michael game, and a closed graph theorem.