Hilbert schemes with two Borel-fixed points

DOI10.1016/J.JALGEBRA.2022.11.003MaRDI QIDQ2109045zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Ritvik Ramkumar

Publication date 20 December 2022

Published in Journal of Algebra (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.13335

zbMATH Keywords

Borel-fixed pointsdeformations of idealsHilbert schemesingularities

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Syzygies, resolutions, complexes and commutative rings (13D02) Parametrization (Chow and Hilbert schemes) (14C05) Fine and coarse moduli spaces (14D22) Singularities of surfaces or higher-dimensional varieties (14J17)

Abstract: We characterize Hilbert polynomials that give rise to Hilbert schemes with two Borel-fixed points and determine when the associated Hilbert schemes or their irreducible components are smooth. In particular, we show that the Hilbert scheme is reduced and has at most two irreducible components. By describing the singularities in a neighbourhood of the Borel-fixed points, we prove that the irreducible components are Cohen-Macaulay and normal. We end by giving many examples of Hilbert schemes with three Borel-fixed points.

Review text

The Hilbert scheme \(\mathrm{Hilb}^{p(t)} (\mathbb P^n)\) parametrizing closed subschemes of \(\mathbb P^n\) with Hilbert polynomial \(p(t)\) has been of great interest every since Grothendieck constructed it in the early 1960s. Early results include the connectedness theorem of \textit{R. Hartshorne} [Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 29, 5--48 (1966; Zbl 0171.41502)] and smoothness of \(\mathrm{Hilb}^{p(t)} (\mathbb P^2)\) due to \textit{J. Fogarty} [Am. J. Math. 90, 511--521 (1968; Zbl 0176.18401)]. \textit{A. Reeves} and \textit{M. Stillman} showed that every non-empty Hilbert scheme contains a smooth Borel-fixed point [J. Algebr. Geom. 6, No. 2, 235--246 (1997; Zbl 0924.14004)] and \textit{A. P. Staal} classified those with exactly one such fixed point, which are necessarily smooth and irreducible [Math. Z. 296, No. 3--4, 1593--1611 (2020; Zbl 1451.14010)]. The main result classifies Hilbert schemes with two Borel-fixed points over a field \(k\) of characteristic zero. To describe the result, express the Hilbert polynomial \(p(t)\) in the form used by \textit{Gotzmann}, namely \[ p(t) = \sum_{i=1}^m \binom{t+\lambda_i-i}{\lambda_i-1} \] where \(\lambda_1 \geq \lambda_2 \geq \dots \geq \lambda_m \geq 1\) [\textit{G. Gotzmann}, Math. Z. 158, 61--70 (1978; Zbl 0352.13009)]. Writing \(\mathbf{\lambda} = (\lambda_1,\dots,\lambda_m)\), the theorem lists for exactly which \(\mathbf{\lambda}\) the Hilbert scheme \(\mathrm{Hilb}^{p(t)} (\mathbb P^n)\) has two Borel-fixed points and further determines when it is (a) smooth, (b) irreducible and singular or (c) a union of two components. In each case the irreducible components are normal and Cohen-Macaulay and the singularities of the Hilbert scheme appear as cones over certain Segre embeddings of \(\mathbb P^a \times \mathbb P^b\). Since the writing of his paper, (a) \textit{A. P. Staal} [``Hilbert schemes with two Borel-fixed points in arbitrary characteristic, Preprint, \url{arXiv:2107.02204}] has shown that the theorem is valid in all characteristics with a small modification when char \(k=2\) and (b) \textit{R. Skjelnes} and \textit{G. G. Smith} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 794, 281--305 (2023; Zbl 1506.14011)] have classified the smooth Hilbert schemes are described their geometry. Despite the difficulty of the content, the paper is readably written. Section 1 gives preliminaries on Borel-fixed (strongly stable) ideals and the resolution of \textit{S. Eliahou} and \textit{M. Kervaire} [J. Algebra 129, No. 1, 1--25 (1990; Zbl 0701.13006)], while Section 2 identifies the tuples \(\mathbf{\lambda} = (\lambda_1,\dots,\lambda_m)\) corresponding to Hilbert schemes with two components. Section 3 uses the comparison theorem of \textit{R. Piene} and \textit{M. Schlessinger} [Am. J. Math. 107, 761--774 (1985; Zbl 0589.14009)] to compute the tangent space of the non-lexicographic Borel-fixed ideal \(I(\mathbf{\lambda})\) and give a partial basis for the second cohomology group of \(k[x_0,\dots,x_n]/I(\mathbf{\lambda})\). These are used in Section 4 where the main theorem is proved to describe the universal deformation space of \(I(\mathbf{\lambda})\) and hence the nature of singularities of the Hilbert schemes. Finally in Section 5 the author gives examples of Hilbert schemes with three Borel-fixed points. The last three examples relate to Hilbert schemes studied in the literature [\textit{S. Katz}, in: Zero-dimensional schemes. Proceedings of the international conference held in Ravello, Italy, June 8-13, 1992. Berlin: de Gruyter. 231--242 (1994; Zbl 0839.14001); \textit{D. Chen} and \textit{S. Nollet}, Algebra Number Theory 6, No. 4, 731--756 (2012; Zbl 1250.14004); \textit{D. Chen} et al., Commun. Algebra 39, No. 8, 3021--3043 (2011; Zbl 1238.14012)].

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Cited in

(22)

• Hilbert schemes of 8 points
• The toric Hilbert scheme of a rank two lattice is smooth and irreducible.
• A Borel open cover of the Hilbert scheme
• The Hilbert scheme of a pair of linear spaces
• Smooth Hilbert schemes: their classification and geometry
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• Shift modules, strongly stable ideals, and their dualities
• Surprising occurrences of order structures in mathematics
• Some irreducible Hilbert schemes

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Uses Software

• StronglyStableIdeals
• Macaulay2

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