Twin polynomial vector fields of arbitrary degree
Let \[ \chi \, = \, P(x,y) \, \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \, + \, Q(x,y) \, \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \] be a polynomial vector field defined in \(\mathbb{C}^2\) and such that \(P(x,y)\) and \(Q(x,y)\) are polynomials of degree at most \(n\) with \(n \geq 2\). Assume that \(\chi\) has exactly \(n^2\) isolated singular points. Since \(\chi\) has the maximum number of singularities the determinant of the linear part of \(\chi\) at each singular point is nonzero. So, the eigenvalues at any singular point are nonzero, i.e. all singular points are non degenerate. Let \(p \in \mathbb{C}^2\) be a singular point of \(\chi\), the spectrum of \(\chi\) at \(p\) is defined as the two eigenvalues of the linearization matrix \[ \left. \left( \begin{array}{cc} P_x & P_y \\ Q_x & Q_y \end{array}\right) \right|_{(x,y)=p} \] that is, the spectrum is the unordered set of eigenvalues of \(D\chi(p)\). For this matrix, the spectrum carries exactly the same information as the pair trace and determinant of the matrix \(D\chi(p)\). In all the paper, the spectrum of a vector field \(\chi\) is thought as the pair of the trace and the determinant. Two matrices \(A,B \in GL_2(\mathbb{C})\) are said to be similar if they have the same spectrum and this is denoted by \(A \sim B\). Consider two polynomial vector fields \(\chi\) and \(\widehat{\chi}\) having each of them \(n^2\) isolated singularities and label these points as \(p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_{n^2}\) and \(\widehat{p}_1, \widehat{p}_2, \ldots, \widehat{p}_{n^2}\) respectively. Assume that \[p_i \, = \, \widehat{p}_i \, \mbox{for \(i=1,2,\ldots,M\) and} \, D\chi(p_i) \sim D\widehat{\chi}(p_i)\, \mbox{for \(i=1,2,\ldots, N\)}, \tag{1}\] for some natural numbers \(M\) and \(N\). Two different vector fields are said to be twins if they agree on position and spectra at all their singular points. This corresponds to \(M = N = n^2\) in (1). \newline The main results of the paper are the following. Theorem 1. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] If \(N \geq n^2-1\), then \(M=n^2\). \item[(b)] If \(M \geq n^2-1\) and \(N \geq n^2-1\), then \(M=N=n^2\). \end{itemize} Theorem 2. Assume \(n>2\). If \(M \geq n^2-2\) and \(N \geq n^2-1\), then \(M=N=n^2\). Theorem 3. Assume \(n>2\). If \(M \geq n^2-1\) and \(N \geq n^2-2\), then \(M=N=n^2\). Theorem 4. Let \(\chi = P(x,y) \frac{\partial}{\partial x} + Q(x,y) \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\) be a polynomial vector field with exactly \(n^2\) isolated singular points. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] If this vector field has a twin vector field then the four polynomials \(P_x, Q_x, P_y, Q_y\) are linearly dependent over \(\mathbb{C}\). \item[(b)] If the polynomials \(P_x, Q_x, P_y, Q_y\) are linearly dependent over \(\mathbb{C}\) and admit a non-trivial combination \[ (a-1) P_x + b Q_x + c P_y + (d-1) Q_y \equiv 0 \] satisfying \(ad-bc=1\), then \(\chi\) admits a twin vector field. \end{itemize}
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