General Melnikov approach to implicit ODE's
Implicit ordinary differential equations, differential-algebraic equations (34A09) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C37) Perturbations, asymptotics of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E10)
The authors study the parametrized implicit differential equation \[ \omega(x)\dfrac{dx}{dt}=f(x)+\varepsilon g(t,x,\varepsilon), \quad x\in \mathbb R^n, \quad |\varepsilon| \leq \varepsilon_0, \tag{1} \] They assume that \(0\) is a regular value of \(\omega\), so that \(\Omega=\omega^{-1}(0)\) is a one-codimensional submanifold of \(\mathbb R^n\). By a suitable, nonlinear, change of coordinates the solutions of (1) with \(\omega(x(t))>0\) are associated to solutions of the system (where \(\dot{}=\textstyle\frac{d}{ds}\)) \[ \begin{split} &\dot y = f(y)+\varepsilon g(t,x,\varepsilon), \\ & \dot t = \omega(y) \end{split}\tag{2} \] with \(\omega(y(s))>0\). In turn, system (2) can be thought of as a perturbation of \[ \begin{split} &\dot y = f(y), \\ & \dot t = \omega(y). \end{split}\tag{3} \] In the paper under review, a Melnikov condition for the persistence of homoclinic orbits is studied, assuming that (3) admits a solution homoclinic to a point \(\bar y_0 \in\Omega\) such that \(f(\bar y_0)=0\). Observe that this condition implies that a solution cannot reach \(\bar y_0\) in finite time. In fact there are other possibilities: if \(\omega'(\bar y_0)f(\bar y_0) \neq 0\), there is an impasse point at \(\bar y_0\). This is a transversal scenario and has been studied in [\textit{F. Battelli} and \textit{M. Fečkan}, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., Ser. B 22, No. 8, 3043--3061 (2017; Zbl 1368.34019)]. On the other hand if \(f(\bar y_0) \neq 0\) and \(\omega'(\bar y_0)f(\bar y_0) = 0\), there is a grazing point at \(\bar y_0\). The situation has been studied in [\textit{F. Battelli} and \textit{M. Fečkan}, in: Mathematical modelling in health, social and applied sciences. Singapore: Springer. 241--259 (2020; Zbl 1471.34037)]. In this paper, the authors focus on the case \(\omega(\bar y_0)=0\) and \(f(\bar y_0)=0\). Actually this case is studied to some extent, but not in full generality, in [\textit{F. Battelli} and \textit{M. Fečkan}, J. Differ. Equations 256, No. 3, 1157--1190 (2014; Zbl 1293.34015)]. Indeed, in that paper the study was restricted to the existence of solutions having a prescribed asymptotic property. This paper in a sense concludes a project including the above papers, and completes the discussion of the different type of singularities of implicit ODEs. But it also gives a new way for studying such kind of problems that may stimulate future research.
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