General Melnikov approach to implicit ODE's (Q2116450)

The authors study the parametrized implicit differential equation \[ \omega(x)\dfrac{dx}{dt}=f(x)+\varepsilon g(t,x,\varepsilon), \quad x\in \mathbb R^n, \quad |\varepsilon| \leq \varepsilon_0, \tag{1} \] They assume that \(0\) is a regular value of \(\omega\), so that \(\Omega=\omega^{-1}(0)\) is a one-codimensional submanifold of \(\mathbb R^n\). By a suitable, nonlinear, change of coordinates the solutions of (1) with \(\omega(x(t))>0\) are associated to solutions of the system (where \(\dot{}=\textstyle\frac{d}{ds}\)) \[ \begin{split} &\dot y = f(y)+\varepsilon g(t,x,\varepsilon), \\ & \dot t = \omega(y) \end{split}\tag{2} \] with \(\omega(y(s))>0\). In turn, system (2) can be thought of as a perturbation of \[ \begin{split} &\dot y = f(y), \\ & \dot t = \omega(y). \end{split}\tag{3} \] In the paper under review, a Melnikov condition for the persistence of homoclinic orbits is studied, assuming that (3) admits a solution homoclinic to a point \(\bar y_0 \in\Omega\) such that \(f(\bar y_0)=0\). Observe that this condition implies that a solution cannot reach \(\bar y_0\) in finite time. In fact there are other possibilities: if \(\omega'(\bar y_0)f(\bar y_0) \neq 0\), there is an impasse point at \(\bar y_0\). This is a transversal scenario and has been studied in [\textit{F. Battelli} and \textit{M. Fečkan}, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., Ser. B 22, No. 8, 3043--3061 (2017; Zbl 1368.34019)]. On the other hand if \(f(\bar y_0) \neq 0\) and \(\omega'(\bar y_0)f(\bar y_0) = 0\), there is a grazing point at \(\bar y_0\). The situation has been studied in [\textit{F. Battelli} and \textit{M. Fečkan}, in: Mathematical modelling in health, social and applied sciences. Singapore: Springer. 241--259 (2020; Zbl 1471.34037)]. In this paper, the authors focus on the case \(\omega(\bar y_0)=0\) and \(f(\bar y_0)=0\). Actually this case is studied to some extent, but not in full generality, in [\textit{F. Battelli} and \textit{M. Fečkan}, J. Differ. Equations 256, No. 3, 1157--1190 (2014; Zbl 1293.34015)]. Indeed, in that paper the study was restricted to the existence of solutions having a prescribed asymptotic property. This paper in a sense concludes a project including the above papers, and completes the discussion of the different type of singularities of implicit ODEs. But it also gives a new way for studying such kind of problems that may stimulate future research.