From binary Hermitian forms to parabolic cocycles of Euclidean Bianchi groups

DOI10.1016/J.JNT.2021.07.010MaRDI QIDQ2116743zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Publication date 18 March 2022

Published in Journal of Number Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.11462

\(L\)-function Bianchi group binary Hermitian form Euclidean number field imaginary quadratic number field parabolic cohomology special value

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Bilinear and Hermitian forms (11E39) Cohomology of arithmetic groups (11F75) Continued fractions and generalizations (11J70) (zeta (s)) and (L(s, chi)) (11M06)

Abstract: We study a family of functions defined in a very simple way as sums of powers of binary Hermitian forms with coefficients in the ring of integers of an Euclidean imaginary quadratic field

K

with discriminant

d_{K}

. Using these functions we construct a nontrivial cocycle belonging to the space of parabolic cocycles on Euclidean Bianchi groups. We also show that the average value of these functions is related to the special values of

L (c h i_{d_{K}}, s)

. Using the properties of these functions we give new and computationally efficient formulas for computing some special values of

L (c h i_{d_{K}}, s)

.

Review text

\textit{D. Zagier} [in: Number theory in progress. Proceedings of the international conference organized by the Stefan Banach International Mathematical Center in honor of the 60th birthday of Andrzej Schinzel, Zakopane, Poland, June 30--July 9, 1997. Volume 2: Elementary and analytic number theory. Berlin: de Gruyter. 1147--1178 (1999; Zbl 0959.11016)] introduced functions \(F_{k,D}:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) defined by \(F_{k,D}(x)=\sum Q(x)^{k-1}\) where \(k>0\) is a positive even integer, \(D>0\) is a non-square integer with \(D\equiv 0,1\bmod 4\), and where \(Q(X)=aX^2+bX+c\in\mathbb{Z}[X]\) ranges over all polynomials with \(a<0<Q(x)\) and \(\operatorname{disc}(Q)=b^2-4ac=D\). It turns out that for \(k=2\) resp. \(4\), these functions are constant with values \(\alpha_D\) resp. \(\beta_D\) related to special values of \(L\)-functions, and they still admit a reasonably explicit description for \(k\geq 6\). For example, it turns out that \(\alpha_D=-5L(\chi_D , -1)\) and \(\beta_D=L(\chi_D , -1)\), where \(\chi_D\) is the character given by the Kronecker symbol \(\bigl(\frac{D}{\cdot}\bigr)\). In the present paper, the author develops what one might call a Hermitian analogue of these functions \(F_{k,D}\). The set-up following the paper's conventions is as follows. Let \(K=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-d})\) be a Euclidean imaginary quadratic number field, so \(d=1, 2, 3, 7, 11\), let \(d_K\) be the discriminant of that field and let \(\mathcal{O}_d\) be its ring of algebraic integers. Let \(h(X,Y)\) be a Hermitian form (with respect to complex conjugation) with Gram matrix \(\begin{pmatrix}a & b\\ \overline{b} & c\end{pmatrix}\), \(a,c\in\mathbb{Z}\), \(b\in\mathcal{O}_d\), and for \(z\in\mathbb{C}\), we put \(h(z):=h(z,1)\). The discriminant of \(h\) is given by \(ac-b\overline{b}=-\Delta\). Finally, let \(k>0\) be an odd integer. The author defines functions \(H_{k,\Delta}:\mathbb{C}\to\mathbb{R}\) by \(H_{k,\Delta}(z)=\sum h(z)^k\), where \(h\) ranges over all Hermitian forms as above of discriminant \(-\Delta\) and such that \(a<0<h(z)\). We assume furthermore in the following statements that \(\Delta\) is a positive integer that is not a norm of an element in \(\mathcal{O}_d\). The first main result (Theorem 1.1) states that \(H_{1,\Delta}(z)\) is constant, and so is \(H_{3,\Delta}(z)\) for \(d=1,3,7\) and \(H_{5,\Delta}(z)\) for \(d=3\). This is done by first showing that it is constant on \(K\) by applying certain transformations to \(z\in K\) that don't change the value of \(H_{k,\Delta}\) (at least in the considered cases) so that because of the Euclidean property, one can then reduce it to the case \(z=0\). Once this is done, one gets that it is constant on all of \(\mathbb{C}\) by showing that the function is continuous (Theorem 1.3). Using the \(\mathcal{O}_d\)-invariance of \(H_{k,\Delta}(z)\), one can define an average value for which one obtains the formula \[\langle H_{k,\Delta}(z)\rangle_{av}=\frac{2\pi\Delta^{k+1}}{(k+1)\sqrt{|d_K|}} \theta(\Delta,k+1)\zeta_{\mathbb{Q}}(k+1)L(\chi_{d_K},k+2)^{-1},\] where \(\theta\) is a certain finite Euler product. This then allows to compute certain special values of \(L\)-functions, for example, \(L(\chi_{d_K},3)=\frac{\pi^3\Delta^2}{6H_{1,\Delta}(0)\sqrt{|d_K|}}\theta(\Delta,2)\) and so, for example in the case \(d=1\) (i.e. \(d_K=-4\)), one gets \(L(\chi_{-4},3)=\frac{\pi^3}{32}\). In the final section of the paper, there is a detailed study of the space of parabolic cocycles on the Euclidean Bianchi group \(\textbf{PSL}(2,\mathcal{O}_d)\) (\(d=1,2,3,7,11\)) where the author obtains a description of this space in terms of a certain space \(W_{k,k}\) of polynomials which in turn contains a polynomial \(P_{k,\Delta}\) that is naturally associated to \(H_{k,\Delta}\), thus giving rise to a nontrivial cocycle on \(\textbf{PSL}(2,\mathcal{O}_d)\). For some odd values of \(k\), the dimensions of \(W_{k,k}\) are also determined assisted by a computer. The section concludes with a general conjecture on these dimensions and an outlook on how these results and conjectures might have an impact on the study of Bianchi cusp forms.

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