Picard ranks of K3 surfaces over function fields and the Hecke orbit conjecture

Arithmetic aspects of modular and Shimura varieties (11G18) Modular and Shimura varieties (14G35) Algebraic moduli of abelian varieties, classification (14K10) Formal groups, (p)-divisible groups (14L05)

Abstract: Let

m a t h s c r X i g h t a r r o w C

be a non-isotrivial and generically ordinary family of K3 surfaces over a proper curve

C

in characteristic

p g e q 5

. We prove that the geometric Picard rank jumps at infinitely many closed points of

C

. More generally, suppose that we are given the canonical model of a Shimura variety

m a t h c a l S

of orthogonal type, associated to a lattice of signature

(b, 2)

that is self-dual at

p

. We prove that any generically ordinary proper curve

C

in

m a t h c a l S_{o v e r l i n e {m a t h b b F}_{p}}

intersects special divisors of

m a t h c a l S_{o v e r l i n e {m a t h b b F}_{p}}

at infinitely many points. As an application, we prove the ordinary Hecke orbit conjecture of Chai--Oort in this setting; that is, we show that ordinary points in

m a t h c a l S_{o v e r l i n e {m a t h b b F}_{p}}

have Zariski-dense Hecke orbits. We also deduce the ordinary Hecke orbit conjecture for certain families of unitary Shimura varieties.

Review text

It is known that any non-isotrivial family of \(K3\) surfaces over the complex number field has infinitely many special fibers where the Picard rank jumps higher than the minimal Picard rank of the fibers. This is no longer true in finite characteristic. One of the principal results (Theorem 1.1) of this paper is that over an algebraically closed field of characteristic \(p \geq 5\), a non-isotrivial family \(\mathcal X \to C\) of \(K3\)-surfaces over a proper curve \(C\) will have infinitely many closed fibers where the Picard rank jumps, provided that the generic fiber is ordinary. The result mentioned above is obtained as a consequence of the following (Theorem 1.2 of the paper). If \(\mathcal S\) is the canonical integral model over \(\mathbb Z_p\) (\(p \geq 5\)) of a Shimura variety of orthogonal type satisfying certain conditions, then any generically ordinary proper curve in \(\mathcal{S}_{\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p}\) intersects special divisors of \(\mathcal{S}_{\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p}\) at infinitely many points. The Hecke orbit conjecture predicts that ordinary points in \(\mathcal{S}_{\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p}\) have Zariski-dense Hecke orbits. As an application of the above results, the Hecke orbit conjecture is proved (Theorem 1.4) for certain orthogonal and unitary Shimura varieties in characteristic \(p \geq 5\).

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