More degeneracy but fewer bifurcations in a predator-prey system having fully null linear part

Transformation and reduction of ordinary differential equations and systems, normal forms (34C20) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Normal forms for dynamical systems (37G05) Bifurcations of singular points in dynamical systems (37G10) Hyperbolic singular points with homoclinic trajectories in dynamical systems (37G20) Bifurcations connected with nontransversal intersection in dynamical systems (37G25) Population dynamics (general) (92D25)

Review text

The authors study the generalized Lotka-Volterra (GLV) model with a completely vanishing linear part. They point out that in [\textit{J. Guckenheimer}, Lect. Notes Math. 898, 99--142 (1981; Zbl 0482.58006); \textit{S. Ruan} et al., J. Differ. Equations 249, No. 6, 1410--1435 (2010; Zbl 1205.34038)], the authors studied the vector fields with fully null degeneracy, for which the Poincaré normal form theory is not available. In particular, in [Zbl 1205.34038] the following Lotka-Volterra model has been considered: \[ \dot{x}=x\left(\alpha x+(\alpha-1)y-\alpha x^2-\alpha xy \right),\] \[\dot{y}=y\left((\kappa-\beta)x-\beta y\right),\] in the first quadrant \(\mathbb{R}_+^2:=\left\{(x,y):x\geqslant 0,y\geqslant0\right\}\) with positive parameter \(\alpha,\beta\) and \(\kappa\). Under the generic condition \((\alpha-1)\left\{2(\alpha\kappa-\kappa+\beta)+\beta(\kappa-\alpha-\beta)\right\}\neq 0\), the above system can be reduced into the GLV normal form \[\dot{x}=x\left(\alpha x+(\alpha-1)y+\tilde{a}_{20} x^2+O(|(x,y)|^3) \right),\] \[\dot{y}=y\left((\kappa-\beta)x-\beta y+O(|(x,y)|^3) \right).\] On the other hand, the nondegeneracy condition \[ (\alpha-1)(\kappa-\beta)(\kappa-\alpha\kappa-\beta)\left\{(\kappa-\alpha-\beta)^2+(1-\alpha-\beta)^2\right\}\tilde{a}_{20}\neq 0, \] implies that the above GLV normal form has degeneracy of codimension 2 at the origin within the GLV class. In the present paper the authors discuss the critical case \(\kappa-\beta=0\). It turns our that the normal form reads \[\dot{x}=x\left(\alpha x+(\alpha-1)y-\alpha x^2-\alpha xy \right),\qquad \dot{y}=y\left(-\beta y\right).\tag{\(*\)}\] The authors prove that the quadratic term of the original system cannot be eliminated in the GLV normal form, i.e., the quadratic term \((\kappa - \beta)xy\) has an essential effect to degeneracy. Thus, under the critical condition \(\kappa - \beta = 0\) and new nondegeneracy condition \(\alpha -1 \neq 0\), the authors obtain the following results: (a) System (\(*\)) has degeneracy of codimension 3 in the GLV class and the authors prove a versal unfolding of the system in the class; (b) For the unfolding system of (\(*\)) with three unfolding parameters, there are at most three equilibria that bifurcate from the origin, one of those equilibria lies in the interior of \(\mathbb{R}_+^2\) and the others lie on the boundary. Neither a closed orbit nor a heteroclinic loop exists; (c) There is no Hopf bifurcation and heteroclinic bifurcation in system (\(*\)), but two transcritical bifurcations at different equilibria may occur simultaneously, which is impossible in the codimension-2 case.

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