Free sequences and the tightness of pseudoradial spaces

Cardinality properties (cardinal functions and inequalities, discrete subsets) (54A25) Noncompact covering properties (paracompact, Lindelöf, etc.) (54D20)

Abstract: Let

F (X)

be the supremum of cardinalities of free sequences in

X

. We prove that the radial character of every Lindel"of Hausdorff almost radial space

X

and the set-tightness of every Lindel"of Hausdorff space are always bounded above by

F (X)

. Solving a question of Bella, we exhibit a Hausdorff radial space

X

whose radial character is strictly larger than

F (X)

. We then improve a result of Dow, Juh'asz, Soukup, Szentmikl'ossy and Weiss by proving that if

X

is a Lindel"of Hausdorff space, and

X_{d} e l t a

denotes the

G_{d} e l t a

topology on

X

then

t (X_{d} e l t a) l e q 2^{t (X)}

. Finally, we exploit this to prove that if

X

is a Lindel"of Hausdorff pseudoradial space then

F (X_{d} e l t a) l e q 2^{F (X)}

, which partially answer a question of Bella and ourselves.

Review text

A space \(X\) is said to be \textit{almost radial} if for each non-closed set \(A\subseteq X\) there is \(x\in\mathrm{cl}(A)\setminus A\) and a (possibly transfinite) sequence \(\{x_\alpha: \alpha<\kappa\}\) in \(A\) which converges to \(x\) such that \(x\notin\mathrm{cl}(\{x_\alpha: \alpha<\beta\})\) for each \(\beta<\kappa\). Clearly, a radial space is almost radial and an almost radial space is pseudoradial. The \textit{radial character} of a pseudoradial space \(X\), denoted by \(\sigma_C(X)\) is defined to be the minimum cardinal \(\kappa\) such that every non-closed set \(A\) contains a (possibly transfinite) sequence of length at most \(\kappa\) which converges to a point outside of \(A\). \(F(X)\) denotes the supremum of cardinalities of free sequences and \(X_\delta\) denotes the \(\omega\)-modification of a space \(X\). It is a classical result of Arhangel'skii that \(F(X)=t(X)\) for any compact Hausdorff space \(X\) and more generally, \(F(X)\leq t(X)\cdot L(X)\). \textit{A. Bella} [Commentat. Math. Univ. Carol. 27, 163--170 (1986; Zbl 0596.54006)] proved that in the class of regular pseudoradial spaces \(t(X)\leq F(X)\) and hence \(t(X)=F(X)\) for every regular, Lindelöf, pseudoradial space. As an immediate consequence \(t(X)=\sigma_C(X)\leq F(X)\) for each regular, almost radial space \(X\). In the previously cited paper, Bella asked whether these results could be extended to the class of Hausdorff spaces. The first result of Section 2 of the paper under review is that \(t(X)\leq L(X)\cdot F(X)\) for each pseudoradial \(T_2\)-space and hence that \(\sigma_C(X)= t(X) =F(X)\) for each Lindelöf, almost radial \(T_2\)-space. The \textit{set-tightness}, \(t_s(X)\), of a space \(X\) is the minimum cardinal \(\kappa\) such that for every non-closed set \(A\subseteq X\) and each \(p\in\mathrm{cl}(A)\setminus A\), there is a family of subsets \(\mathcal{A}=\{A_\alpha:\alpha<\kappa\}\) of \(A\) such that \(p\in\mathrm{cl}(\bigcup\mathcal{A})\) but \(p\notin\bigcup\{\mathrm{cl}(A_\alpha):\alpha<\kappa\}\); it is known that \(t_s(X)=t(X)\) for each compact \(T_2\)-space \(X\). The second result of Section 2 of this paper states that for any Hausdorff space \(t_s(X)\leq F(X)\cdot L(X)\). In [Acta Math. Hung. 158, No. 2, 294--301 (2019; Zbl 1438.54039)], \textit{A. Dow} et al. showed that if \(X\) is a regular Lindelöf space, then \(t(X_\delta)\leq 2^{t(X)}\). The final result of the author extends this result to the class of Lindelöf \(T_2\)-spaces and, as a corollary, he obtains the inequality \(F(X_\delta)\leq 2^{F(X)}\) whenever \(X\) is a Lindelöf, pseudoradial \(T_2\)-space. This last result generalizes to the class of Hausdorff spaces, an (as yet) unpublished result of A. Bella.

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