A complete classification of hereditarily equivalent plane continua

Continua and generalizations (54F15) Topological characterizations of particular spaces (54F65) 2-dimensional topology (including mapping class groups of surfaces, Teichmüller theory, curve complexes, etc.) (57K20)

Abstract: A continuum is hereditarily equivalent if it is homeomorphic to each of its non-degenerate sub-continua. We show in this paper that the arc and the pseudo-arc are the only non-degenerate hereditarily equivalent plane continua.

Review text

The authors study compact, connected, metric spaces which they refer to as continua. A continuum is called hereditarily equivalent if it is homeomorphic to each of its non-degenerate subcontinua. In their Introduction, the authors provide a succinct, but very informative history about the notion of hereditary equivalence; they point out that arcs and pseudo-arcs are plane continua that are hereditarily equivalent. One might ask if there are any other nondenerate hereditarily equivalent plane continua. The answer to this is given in their main result: Theorem 1. If \(X\) is a non-degenerate hereditarily equivalent plane continuum, then \(X\) is homeomorphic to an arc or a pseudo-arc. By a result of \textit{H. Cook} [Fundam. Math. 68, 203--205 (1970; Zbl 0207.21501)], all nondegenerate hereditarily equivalent continua are \(1\)-dimensional, so they all embed in \(\mathbb{R}^3\). This leaves open the question: are there any hereditarily equivalent continua in \(\mathbb{R}^3\) besides arcs and pseudo-arcs?

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