Poincaré polynomials of moduli spaces of Higgs bundles and character varieties (no punctures)

Abstract: Using our earlier results on polynomiality properties of plethystic logarithms of generating series of certain type we show that Schiffmann's formulas for various counts of Higgs bundles over finite fields can be reduced to much simpler formulas conjectured by Mozgovoy. In particular, our result implies the conjecture of Hausel and Rodriguez-Villegas on the Poincar'e polynomials of twisted character varieties and the conjecture of Hausel and Thaddeus on independence of

E

-polynomials on the degree.

Review text

The author shows that Schiffmann's formulas for counts of Higgs bundles over finite fields can be reduced to a simpler formula conjedtured by Mozgovoy. Consider the Frobenius action on the first cohomology of \(C\) with eigenvalues \(\alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_{2g}\) with \(\alpha_{i+g} = q\alpha_i^{-1}\) for \(i = 1, \dots, g\), which gives \[ \# C(\mathbb{F}_{q^k}) = 1 + q^k - \sum_{i=1}^{2g} \alpha_i^k. \] Schiffmann's result in [\textit{R. Fedorov} et al., Commun. Number Theory Phys. 12, No. 4, 687--766 (2019; Zbl 1409.14059)] says that the number of absolutely indecomposable bundles or rank \(r\) and degree \(d\) over a complete curve \(C\) of genus \(g\) over \(\mathbb{F}_q\) is given by a Laurent polynomial \[ A_{g,r,d} (q, \alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_{g} ) \in \mathbb{Z} [q, \alpha_1^{\pm 1}, \dots, \alpha_{g}^{\pm 1} ] \] which is independent of \(C\), symmetric in \(\alpha_i\), and invariant under \(\alpha_o \to q \alpha_i^{-1}\). The main result of this paper is: Theorem 1.1. Let \(g \ge 1\). Let \(\Omega_g\) denote the series \[ \Omega_g = \sum_{\mu \in \mathcal{P}} T^{|\mu|} \prod_{\square \in \mu} \frac{ \prod_{i=1}^g (z^{a(\square)+1} - \alpha_i q^{l (\square)} ) (z^{a(\square)} - \alpha_i^{-1} q^{l (\square)+1} ) }{ (z^{a(\square)+1} - q^{l (\square)} ) (z^{a(\square)} - q^{l (\square)+1} ) }, \] where \(a(\square)\), \(l(\square)\), and \(\mathcal{P}\) are certain combinatorial notations from Young diagrams. Also let \[ H_g = -(1-q) (1-z) \operatorname{Log} \Omega_g, H_g = \sum_{r=1}^{\infty} H_{g,r} T^r. \] Then for all \(r \ge 1\), \(H_{g,r}\) is a Laurent polynomial in \(q,z\) and \(\alpha, \dots, \alpha_g\), and for all \(d\), \(A_{g,r,d}\) is obtained by setting \(z=1\) in \(H_{g,r}\): \[ A_{g,r,d} (q, \alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_g) = H_{g,r} (q, 1, \alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_g). \] As a corollary, the GL-version of the conjecture of \textit{T. Hausel} (Conjecture 3.2 in [Prog. Math. 235, 193--217 (2005; Zbl 1099.14026)]) is obtained: Corollary 1.2. For \(r, d, d'\) satisfying \((r,d) = (r,d') =1\), the \(E\)-polynomials of \(\mathcal{M}(g,r,d)\) and \(\mathcal{M}(g,r,d')\) coincide. In the next paper [Ann. Math. (2) 192, No. 1, 165--228 (2020; Zbl 1467.14086)], the author extends the methods of [\textit{O. Schiffmann}, Ann. Math. (2) 183, No. 1, 297--362 (2016; Zbl 1342.14076)] to the parabolic case. This gives a proof of the conjecture of \textit{T. Hausel} et al. [Duke Math. J. 160, No. 2, 323--400 (2011; Zbl 1246.14063)] on the Poincaré polynomials of character varieties with punctures.

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