Symmetric decomposition of the associated graded algebra of an Artinian Gorenstein algebra

modules. These were introduced by the first author, and have been used more recently by several groups, especially those interested in short Gorenstein algebras, and in the scheme length (cactus rank) of forms. For us a Gorenstein sequence is an integer sequence

H

occurring as the Hilbert function for an AG algebra

A

, that is not necessarily homogeneous. Such a Hilbert function

H (A)

is the sum of symmetric non-negative sequences

H_{A} (a) = H (Q_{A} (a))

, each having center of symmetry

(j - a) / 2

where

j

is the socle degree of

A

: we call these the symmetry conditions, and the decomposition

m a t h c a l D (A) = (H_{A} (0), H_{A} (1), l d o t s)

the symmetric decomposition of

H (A)

. We here study which sequences may occur as the summands

H_{A} (a)

: in particular we construct in a systematic way examples of AG algebras

A

for which

H_{A} (a)

can have interior zeroes, as

H_{A} (a) = (0, s, 0, l d o t s, 0, s, 0)

. We also study the symmetric decomposition sets

m a t h c a l D (A)

, and in particular determine which sequences

H_{A} (a)

can be non-zero when the dual generator is linear in a subset of the variables. Several groups have studied "exotic summands" of the Macaulay dual generator

F

. Studying these, we recall a normal form for the Macaulay dual generator of an AG algebra that has no "exotic" summands. We apply this to Gorenstein algebras that are connected sums. We give throughout many examples and counterexamples, and conclude with some open questions about symmetric decomposition.

Review text

Let \(k\) be an arbitrary field, \(R = k\{x_1,\dots x_r \}\) the completed local ring in \(r\) variables, and let \(\mathfrak D = k_{DP}[X_1,\dots,X_r]\) the divided power algebra in \(X_1,\dots,X_r\). We take \(R\) as acting on \(\mathfrak D\) by contraction. Macaulay showed that giving an ideal \(I\) of \(R\) defining an artinian quotient \(A=R/I\) of length \(n\) is equialent to giving a length \(n\) \(R\)-submodule \(\hat A\) of \(\mathfrak D\). \(\hat A\) is called the \textit{Macaulay inverse system \(\hat A = I^\perp\) of \(I\)}. \(\hat A\) is \textit{Gorenstein} if \(\hat A\) has a single generator \(f_A\). From now on we assume \(\hat A\) is Gorenstein. Let \(\mathfrak m_A\) denote the maximum ideal of \(A\); then the \textit{socle degree} \(j_A\) of \(A\) is \(\max \{ i \ | \ \mathfrak m_A^i \neq 0\}\). The degree of \(f_A\) is equal to \(j_A\), and \(f_A\) generates the cylic \(A\)-module \(\hat A\). The first author showed, many years ago, that the associated graded algebra \(A^* = Gr_{m_A} (A)\) of \(A\) has a canonical stratification by ideals \(C(a) = C_A(a)\) whose successive quotients \(Q(a) = Q_A(a) \cong C(a) / C(a+1)\) are reflexive \(A^*\) modules; these \(Q(a)\) are the \textit{symmetric subquotients} of \(A^*\). The Hilbert function \(H(A)\) may be written as a sum of symmetric sequences \(H_A(a) = H(Q_A(a))\); these sequences are the \textit{symmetric components} of the Hilbert function, and the \textit{symmetric decomposition} \(\mathcal D(A)\) of \(H(A)\) is the sequence \(\mathcal D(A) = (H_A(0), H_A(1), \dots, H_A(j_A))\). This paper studies this symmetric subquotient decomposition of \(A^*\). The authors study which sequences may occur as these summands, and construct examples of artinian Gorenstein algebras for which \(H_A(a)\) can have interior zeros, for instance of the form \(H_A(a) = (0,s,0,\dots,0,s,0)\). They determine which sequences \(H_A(a)\) can be non-zero when the dual generator is linear in a subset of the variables. They also study so-called \textit{exotic summands} of the Macaulay dual generator, and apply this to Gorenstein algebras that are connected sums.

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