Spectral decimation of the magnetic Laplacian on the Sierpinski gasket: solving the Hofstadter-Sierpinski butterfly

DOI10.1007/S00220-020-03850-WMaRDI QIDQ2216213zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Yanyan Li

Publication date 15 December 2020

Published in Communications in Mathematical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05662

zbMATH Keywords

Hofstadter's butterflymagnetic fluxesmagnetic LaplacianSierpinski gasket graph

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Trees (05C05) Fractional graph theory, fuzzy graph theory (05C72) Fractals (28A80) Dimension theory of smooth dynamical systems (37C45) Dynamical systems involving maps of trees and graphs (37E25) Dynamics of complex polynomials, rational maps, entire and meromorphic functions; Fatou and Julia sets (37F10)

Abstract: The magnetic Laplacian (also called the line bundle Laplacian) on a connected weighted graph is a self-adjoint operator wherein the real-valued adjacency weights are replaced by unit complex-valued weights ${omeg{a}_{xy}}_{xyinE}$, satisfying the condition that $omeg{a}_{xy}=overlineomeg{a}_{yx}$ for every directed edge $xy$. When properly interpreted, these complex weights give rise to magnetic fluxes through cycles in the graph. In this paper we establish the spectrum of the magnetic Laplacian, as a set of real numbers with multiplicities, on the Sierpinski gasket graph ($SG$) where the magnetic fluxes equal $alpha$ through the upright triangles, and $$ through the downright triangles. This is achieved upon showing the spectral self-similarity of the magnetic Laplacian via a 3-parameter map $mathcalU$ involving non-rational functions, which takes into account $alpha$, $$, and the spectral parameter $lambda$. In doing so we provide a quantitative answer to a question of Bellissard [Renormalization Group Analysis and Quasicrystals (1992)] on the relationship between the dynamical spectrum and the actual magnetic spectrum. Our main theorems lead to two applications. In the case $$, we demonstrate the approximation of the magnetic spectrum by the filled Julia set of $mathcalU$, the Sierpinski gasket counterpart to Hofstadter's butterfly. Meanwhile, in the case $$, we can compute the determinant of the magnetic Laplacian determinant and the corresponding asymptotic complexity.

Recommendations

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Cited in

(2)

• Magnetic Laplacians of locally exact forms on the Sierpinski gasket
• Approximation of magnetic Laplacians on the Sierpinski gasket by discrete magnetic Laplacians

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• AutomataSG

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