Non-arithmetic monodromy of higher hypergeometric functions
By a classical result of Schwarz any Fuchsian traingle group is the monodromy group of a hypergeometric differential equation. Together with the well known Takeuchi's classification of arithmetic triangle groups this gives infinitely many examples of non-arithmetic hypergeometric monodromy groups. These groups are lattices in \(\mathrm{PU}(1,1)\). In an important recent contribution to the subject Deraux, Parker and Paupert constructed new examples of non-arithmetic lattices in \(\mathrm{PU}(2,1)\) generated by three complex reflections. A natural question is whether these new non-arithmetic lattices arise as monodromy groups for any functions or differential equations. In the present paper the author gives an answer to this question. The main result is the following theorem. \textbf{Theorem 1.1.} With the exception of \(\mathcal{T}(p, \mathbf{\mathrm{E}}_2)\) for \(p = 3\), \(6\), \(12\), all the lattices in \(\mathrm{PU}(2,1)\) constructed by Deraux, Parker and Paupert are commensurable to monodromy groups of third order hypergeometric equations. The proof of the theorem essentially uses the work of \textit{F. Beukers} and \textit{G. Heckman} [Invent. Math. 95, No. 2, 325--354 (1989; Zbl 0663.30044)]. An immediate corollary of Theorem~1.1 is that each currently known commensurability class of non-arithmetic lattices in \(\mathrm{PU}(2,1)\) contains a monodromy group for a third order hypergeometric equation. The author remarks that a consequence of this is that the Deligne-Mostow non-arithmetic lattices in \(\mathrm{PU}(2,1)\) are commensurable both to monodromy groups of second order hypergeometric equations in two variables and to monodromy groups of third order hypergeometric equations in one variable. It is not clear whether, for each group, there is any relationship between these equations.
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