Sweepouts of closed Riemannian manifolds

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Publication:2232154



Abstract: We show that for every closed Riemannian manifold there exists a continuous family of 1-cycles (defined as finite collections of disjoint closed curves) parametrized by a sphere and sweeping out the whole manifold so that the lengths of all connected closed curves are bounded in terms of the volume (or the diameter) and the dimension n of the manifold, when ngeq3. An alternative form of this result involves a modification of Gromov's definition of waist of sweepouts, where the space of parameters can be any finite polyhedron (and not necessarily a pseudomanifold). We demonstrate that the so-defined polyhedral 1-dimensional waist of a closed Riemannian manifold is equal to its filling radius up to at most a constant factor. We also establish upper bounds for the polyhedral 1-waist of some homology classes in terms of the volume or the diameter of the ambient manifold. In addition, we provide generalizations of these results for sweepouts by polyhedra of higher dimension using the homological filling functions. Finally, we demonstrate that the filling radius and the hypersphericity of a closed Riemannian manifold can be arbitrarily far apart.


In this paper that is rich of definitions and ideas, one main result is that \[ \frac{1}{(n+1)2^{n+1}}\mathrm{W}_1(M)\leq \mathrm{FillRad}(M)\leq \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{W}_1(M) \] for a closed Riemannian \(n\)-manifold \(M\). Here \(\mathrm{FillRad}(M)\) is the filling radius of \(M\). \(\mathrm{W}_1(M)\) is the homology \(1\)-waist (of \(M\)) defined by the authors and its definition will be given later. The result extends one of Sabourau's theorems in [the last author, Am. J. Math. 142, No. 4, 1051--1082 (2020; Zbl 1455.53069)] to the waist of multi-parameters families of one-cycle sweeping out any closed Riemannian manifold. A polyhedral \textit{\(p\)-sweepout} of \(M\) is a family \[ \varphi[h^{-1}(t)] \subseteq M \] with \(t \in T\), where \(h: N \to T\) is a continuous map from a closed \(n\)-pseudomanifold~\(N\) to a finite \((n-p)\)-dimensional polyhedron~\(T\) such that all fibers \(h^{-1}(t)\) are \(p\)-subpolyhedra of \(N\), and \(\varphi: N \to M\) is a continuous degree one map. That is, \[ \varphi_*([N]) = [M] \in H_n(M) \] where the homology coefficients are in~\(\mathbb{Z}\) if \(M\) is orientable, and in~\(\mathbb{Z}_2\) otherwise. Define the \textit{ homology \(p\)-waist} of a closed Riemannian manifold~\(M\) as \[ \mathrm{W}_p(M) = \inf_{\varphi,h}\sup_{t \in T} \mathrm{Vol}_p(\varphi_{|h^{-1}(t)}) \] where the infimum is taken over all \(n\)-pseudomanifolds~\(N\), all simplicial \((n-p)\)-complexes~\(T\), and all maps \(\varphi:N \to M\) and \(h:N \to T\) defining a polyhedral \(p\)-sweepout of~\(M\). Here, the notation \( \mathrm{Vol}_p(\varphi_{|h^{-1}(t)})\) stands for the volume of the map~\(\varphi\) restricted to the fiber~\(h^{-1}(t) \subseteq N\), and not merely the volume of its image (which might be smaller). If such sweepouts do not exist, the authors let \(\mathrm{W}_p(M)=0\). The differences between the definitions and \textit{M. Gromov}'s [Ann. Math. Stud. 205, 141--205 (2020; Zbl 1456.53035)] are that the authors do not require that \(T\) is a pseudomanifold. The authors offer an example to illustrate the distinction. Two other versions of homology 1-waist are defined and similar theorems are given in the paper. The authors also define \(\Phi\)-homotopy (\(p\), \(k\))-waist and give sweepout estimates for \(\Phi\)-homotopy (\(1\), \(k\))-waist. The authors construct a sequence (\(g_i\)) of Riemannian metrics on \(S^4\) with arbitrarily small hypersphericity and filling radius bounded away from zero. In the last part of the paper, they define the \(k\)-homological filling function and give the inequalities between \(\mathrm{W}_p(M)\) and \(k\)-homological filling functions with the diameter and the volume of \(M\).



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