Spectrum of a linear differential equation over a field of formal power series
The article under review investigates the theory of linear differential equations over a field of formal power series \(k(\!(T)\!)\). The objects under study are differential modules \((M,\nabla)\) over the differential field \((k(\!(T)\!), T \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}T})\), where \(k\) is an algebraically closed field. The differential operator \(\nabla \colon M \to M\) may be seen as a bounded operator on the \(k\)-Banach space, hence one may consider its spectrum \(\Sigma_{\nabla}\) in the sense of \textit{V. G. Berkovich} [Spectral theory and analytic geometry over non-Archimedean fields. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (1990; Zbl 0715.14013)]. Recall that it is a non-empty compact subset of the Berkovich affine line \(\mathbb{A}^{1,\mathrm{an}}_{k}\) over \(k\) (endowed with the trivial valuation). The author started investigated such spectra, in a more general setting, in her previous paper [Math. Z. 296, No. 3--4, 1613--1644 (2020; Zbl 1472.12006)]. Here, in the case of \(k(\!(T)\!)\), she manages to obtain a complete description of \(\Sigma_{\nabla}\), building on the known structure results for differential modules over fields of formal power series. Recall that one classically associate slopes \(\gamma_{1},\dotsc,\gamma_{\nu}\) to the differential module \(M\), by considering the slopes of the Newton polygon of a polynomial corresponding to \(\nabla\) in a cyclic basis. Moreover, the differential module \(M\) has a so-called regular singular part \(M_{\textrm{reg}}\). The latter may be defined by a matrix \(G\) with coefficients in \(k\). Denote by \(a_{1},\dotsc,a_{\mu}\) its eigenvalues. The main theorem of the paper states that those invariants are enough to describe completely the spectrum of \(M\): we have \[ \Sigma_{\nabla} = \{ x_{0,r^{-\gamma_{1}}}, \dotsc, x_{0,r^{-\gamma_{\nu}}} \} \cup \bigcup_{i=1}^{\mu} (a_{i} + \mathbb{Z}). \] Here \(r\in (0,1)\) is an irrelevant parameter used to endow \((k(\!(T)\!)\) with a structure of \(k\)-Banach space (imposing \(\lvert T\rvert =r\)). The point \(x_{0,r^{-\gamma_{i}}}\) in \(\mathbb{A}^{1,\mathrm{an}}_{k}\) is the unique point at the boundary of the disk with center 0 and radius \(r^{-\gamma_{i}}\).
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