The three loop isotopy and framed isotopy invariants of virtual knots

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2014.05.011MaRDI QIDQ2250128zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Heather A. Dye, Micah W. Chrisman

Publication date 4 July 2014

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.2971

zbMATH Keywords

finite-type invariants of virtual knotsGrishanov-Vassiliev invariantsvirtual knot invariants

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Abstract: This paper introduces two virtual knot theory ``analogues of a well-known family of invariants for knots in thickened surfaces: the Grishanov-Vassiliev finite-type invariants of order two. The first, called the three loop isotopy invariant, is an invariant of virtual knots while the second, called the three loop framed isotopy invariant, is a regular isotopy invariant of framed virtual knots. The properties of these invariants are investigated at length. In addition, we make precise the informal notion of ``analogue. Using this formal definition, it is proved that a generalized three loop invariant is a virtual knot theory analogue of a generalization of the Grishanov-Vassiliev invariants of order two.

Review text

Virtual knots are knots in thickened oriented surfaces modulo stabilization and destabilization. The authors of the paper under review introduce two knot invariants. The first invariant is called the three loop isotopy invariant and is a finite type invariant of order two for virtual knots. The second is called the three loop framed isotopy invariant and is a regular isotopy invariant of framed virtual knots. These invariants are ``analogues of the Grishanov-Vassiliev invariants [\textit{S. A. Grishanov} and \textit{V. A. Vassiliev}, Topology Appl. 156, No. 14, 2307--2316 (2009; Zbl 1207.57018)] in the sense that they have identical Gauss diagram formulae. The three loop isotopy invariant is enhanced with a relative weight of regions in a Guass diagram. The three loop framed isotopy invariant is enhanced with the weight (or index) of a crossing. As an application, the authors give a comparison with other invariants by showing for example that the three loop invariant can separate virtual knots which cannot be separated by the Kauffman bracket and can separate virtual knots which cannot be separated by the involutory quandle. They also show that the three loop framed invariant can detect both way virtualization and sign virtualization moves.

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Cited in

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