p-cyclic persistent homology and Hofer distance
Let \((X,\omega)\) be a closed symplectic manifold. A smooth function \(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}\times M\to \mathbb{R}\) gives a Hamiltonian diffeomorphism \(\phi_H^t\) generated the vector field \(X_H: \omega(\cdot,X_H)=dH(t,\cdot)\). \(\phi^1_H\) is denoted by \(\phi=\phi_H\). The Hofer metric \(d_H(\psi,\phi)\) is defined by \(\|\phi^{-1}\psi\|_H\), where \(\|\phi\|\) is the Hofer's norm. The group \(\operatorname{Ham}(X,\omega)\) of all Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms is considered as a metric space endowed with Hofer's metric. The space of all autonomous (time-independent) Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms is denoted by \(\mathrm{Aut}(X)\) and one defines \[ \mathrm{aut}(X)=\sup_{\phi\in \operatorname{Ham}(X,\omega)}d_H(\phi,\mathrm{Aut}(X)). \] Conjecture. For any closed symplectic manifold \(X\), \(\mathrm{aut}(X)=+\infty\). In [\textit{L. Polterovich} and \textit{E. Shelukhin}, Sel. Math., New Ser. 22, No. 1, 227--296 (2016; Zbl 1337.53094)], this conjecture is proved for \(X=\Sigma\times M\), where \(\Sigma\) is a closed orientable surface of genus \(g\ge 4\), and \(M\) is a symplectically aspherical closed manifold. In this paper, this result is improved as follows. Theorem 1.9. Let \(\Sigma_g\) be a fixed closed orientable surface with genus \(g\ge 4\). For any closed symplectic manifold \(M\), \(\mathrm{aut}(\Sigma_g\times M)=+\infty\). Let \(\mathrm{Power}_p(X)=\{\phi=\psi^p|\psi\in \operatorname{Ham}(X,\omega)\}\) and \[ \mathrm{Power}_p(X)=\sup_{\phi\in \operatorname{Ham}(X,\omega)}d_H(\phi,\mathrm{Power}_p(X)). \] Then Theorem 1.9 is a consequence of the following: Theorem 1.8. Let \(\Sigma_g\) and \(M\) be as in Theorem 1.9. If \(p>\sum_{0\le i\le 2n}b_i(M)\), then \[ \mathrm{Power}_p(\Sigma_g\times M)=+\infty. \] This theorem is proved to link persistence module theory (or homology; cf. [\textit{A. Zomorodian} and \textit{G. Carlsson}, Discrete Comput. Geom. 33, No. 2, 249--274 (2005; Zbl 1069.55003)]) and Floer theory. Let \(\mathcal{L}_\alpha X\) be the component of the loop space consisting of all loops representing a homology class \(\alpha\). For any given prime \(p\), conside the rotation \(R_p; R_p(x(t))=x(t+1/p)\). Then \(R_p\) induces a filtered chain isomorphism \[ R_p:CF_k(H^{(p)},J_t)_\alpha\to CF_k(H^{(p)},(R_p)_\ast J_t)_\alpha=CF^k(H^{(p)}, J_{t+1/p})_\alpha. \] Here, \(H^{(p)}(t,x)=pH(pt,x)\), which generates \(\phi^p\), if \(\phi\) is generated \(H\). Then \(\mathbb{H}_k(\phi)=(\{HF_k^{(\infty,s)}(\phi^p)_\alpha)\}_{s\in\mathbb{R};\pi_{s,t}})\) is a persistence module, and \(T=\{(R_p)_\ast\}\) is a filtered isomorphism giving a \(\mathbb{Z}_p\)-action on \(\mathbb{H}_k(\phi)\). \(CF_k(M,H)\) is regarded as a finite-dimensional vector space over a Novikov field. By using this fact, a combinatorial data barcode of Floer type complex is defined (Definition 1.11; cf. [\textit{M. Usher} and \textit{J. Zhang}, Geom. Topol. 20, No. 6, 3333--3430 (2016; Zbl 1359.53070)]). Showing existence of maps \begin{align*} C:CF_k(H^{(p)}, J_{k+1/p})_\alpha&\to CF_k(H^{(p)}, J_t)_\alpha, \\ C^\prime:CF_k(H^{(p)},J_{t+1/p^2})_\alpha&\to CF_k(H^{(p)},J_p)_\alpha. \end{align*} (Proposition 1.14 proved in \S3), the self-mapping cone \((\mathrm{Cone}_{CF(H^{(p)}, J_t)_\alpha}(T-\xi_p\cdot\mathbb{I}))_k=CF_k(H^{(p)},J_t)_\alpha\oplus CF_{k-1}(H^{(p)},J_t)_\alpha\) of chain the complex \(CF_\ast(H^{(p)}, J_t)_\alpha\), with the boundary map \(\partial_{co}\) ((8), (9)) with respect to the map \(T-\xi_p\cdot\mathbb{I}\) is introduced via the double map \(D_A\); \(D_T=D_{R_p}+C_T, D_S=D_{R_{p^2}}+C_S\). It is shown that the self-mapping cone is well defined (\S4). Then the following Theorem is proved in \S5. Theorem 1.18. For a primitive free homology class \(\alpha\) represented by a non-contractible loop let \(\phi\in \mathrm{Power}_p(X)\), then for any \(k\) and boundary map \((\partial_{co})_{k+1}\), each bar in the degree-\(k\) concise barcode of \((\partial_{co})_{k+1}\) has multiplicity divisible by \(p\). By this theorem, from a bar of a concise barcode of a self-mapping cone constructed with respect to \(\phi_H\), several numerical measurements on \(\operatorname{Ham}(X,\omega)\) such as \(\beta_i(\phi_H)\), a divisibility sensitive invariant \(\mathfrak{o}_X(\phi)\) (Definition 1.19) and a Floer-Novikov multiplicity sensitive spread \(\mu_p(\phi_H)\) (Definition 1.26), are obtained. Under a suitable assumption, they give in Theorem 1.27 the lower bound \(\mathrm{Power}_p(x)\geq (1/24p)\beta_{m_k}(\phi_H)\) and assert that this bound satisfies Lipschitz continuity with respect to Hofer's metric (proved in \S7). The author says that this translates the combinatorial information from barcode to the numerical informations from Floer chain complexes which is partially captured by Hofer's metric. In \S8, these results adapted to the egg-beater model \((\Sigma_g,\phi)\), \(g\ge 4\) (cf. [Zbl 1337.53094]) are applied to prove that if \(p\ge 3\), the total multiplicity of the concise barcode of the self-mapping cone of \(CF_\ast(\Sigma_g,\phi_\lambda^p)_{\alpha_\lambda}\) is \(2^{2p}\). In particular, there exists some degree \(k\) such that \(p\nmid m_k\) where \(m_k\) is the multiplicity of the degree-\(k\) concise barcode (Proposition1.28). As a consequence, we have the following. Corollary 8.5. When \(p\ge 3\), \(\mathrm{Power}_p(\Sigma_g)=\infty\). In \S9, the last section, the product structure of the barcode is studied and proved Proposition 1.29. For any positive \(i\in \mathbb{Z}\), the length of the \(i\)-th bar in the degree-1 concise barcode of \(\mathrm{Cone}_\otimes(H_\lambda)_\ast\) satisfies \[ \beta_i(\phi^p_\lambda\times\mathbb{I})\to \infty \text{ as } \lambda\to \infty \] for any \(i\le m_1\), where \(m_1\) is the multiplicity of the degree-1 concise barcode. Proposition 1.31. If \(p\nmid(qb_p(M)+2qb_p(M)+qb{-p}(M))\), then \(p\nmid m_1\), where \(m_1\) is same as in Proposition 1.29. In particular, if \(p>\sum^{\dim(M)}_{i=0}b_i(M)\), then the assumption on \(p\) is always satisfied. Here \(qb_k(M)\) is the quantum Betti number \(\sum_{s\in\mathbb{Z}}b_{k+2Ns}(M)\). The author remarks that the non-divisibility condition in Proposition 1.31 can be sometimes improved (Remark 9.7). Theorem 1.8 follows from Propositions 1.29, 1.31 (and Theorem 1.27).
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