Oscillatory modes in a nonlinear second-order differential equation with delay

bifurcations computer simulations decreasing step function existence of periodic orbits limit cycles second order delay differential equation stability

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Nonlinear oscillations and coupled oscillators for ordinary differential equations (34C15) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C25) Functional-differential equations (including equations with delayed, advanced or state-dependent argument) (34K99)

Review text

The authors investigate the second order delay differential equation \((d^ 2x/dt^ 2)(t)=f(x(t-\tau))-ax(t),\) where f is a decreasing step function with only one step. Normalization reduces the problem to the standard form, \((dx/dt)(t)=y(t)\), \((dy/dt)(t)=f(x(t-\tau))-x(t)\), \(f(\xi)=1/2\) if \(\xi\leq \theta\), \(=-1/2\) if \(\xi >\theta\), with constants \(\tau >0\) and \(\theta\in {\mathbb{R}}\), and with initial values \((x_ 0,y_ 0)\) given by some \(y_ 0\in {\mathbb{R}}\) and a differentiable function \(x_ 0: [-\tau,0]\to {\mathbb{R}}\) satisfying \(x_ 0(t)=\theta\) for at most finitely many \(t\equiv [-\tau,0]\). It is proved that, in principle, the solutions can be constructed geometrically by compass and ruler. (This construction reminds of similar techniques in solving certain two- dimensional linear time-optimal feedback control problems.) In this way, analytical results on existence of periodic orbits and limit cycles are obtained. Moreover, computer simulations for varying parameters \(\tau\) and \(\theta\) reveal a remarkable richness of different types of periodic orbits, and lead to conjectures on their stability and bifurcations.

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