Sobolev embeddings, rearrangement-invariant spaces and Frostman measures

DOI10.1016/J.ANIHPC.2019.06.004MaRDI QIDQ2285253zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Andrea Cianchi, Luboš Pick, Lenka Slavíková

Publication date 16 January 2020

Published in Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.03532

Ahlfors regular measures Frostman measures Lorentz spaces rearrangement-invariant spaces Sobolev inequalities

Spaces of measurable functions ((L^p)-spaces, Orlicz spaces, Köthe function spaces, Lorentz spaces, rearrangement invariant spaces, ideal spaces, etc.) (46E30) Sobolev spaces and other spaces of ``smooth functions, embedding theorems, trace theorems (46E35)

Abstract: Sobolev embeddings, of arbitrary order, are considered into function spaces on domains of

m a t h b b R^{n}

endowed with measures whose decay on balls is dominated by a power

d

of their radius. Norms in arbitrary rearrangement-invariant spaces are contemplated. A comprehensive approach is proposed based on the reduction of the relevant

n

-dimensional embeddings to one-dimensional Hardy-type inequalities. Interestingly, the latter inequalities depend on the involved measure only through the power

d

. Our results allow for the detection of the optimal target space in Sobolev embeddings, for broad families of norms, in situations where customary techniques do not apply. In particular, new embeddings, with augmented target spaces, are deduced even for standard Sobolev spaces.

Review text

Let $\Omega$ be an open set in $\mathbb R^n$, $n\ge 2$, $|\Omega |<\infty$, and let $X(\Omega)$ be a rearrangement-invariant space. If $m \in \mathbb N$, then the symbol $W^mX(\Omega)$ stands for the Sobolev space of functions which are $m$-times weakly differentiable in $\Omega$, and $|\nabla^ku| \in X(\Omega)$ for $k=0,\dots,m$. This space is equipped with the norm \[ \|u\|_{W^mX(\Omega)}=\sum_{k=0}^m \|\nabla^ku\|_{X(\Omega)}. \] Let $W^m_0X(\Omega)$ denote the subspace of $W^mX(\Omega)$ of those functions whose continuation to $\mathbb R^n$ by 0 outside $\Omega$ is an $m$-times weakly differentiable function in $\mathbb R^n$. Let $Y(\Omega, \mu)$ be a rearrangement-invariant space, where $\mu$ is a finite Borel measure on $\Omega$ satisfying the condition \[ \sup _{x\in \mathbb R^n, r>0} \frac{\mu(B_r(x)\cap \Omega)}{r^d}<\infty \] for some $d\in (0,n]$, and $B_r(x)$ denotes the ball centered at $x$, with radius $r$. Note that this class of measures is called $d$-Frostman measures or $d$-upper Ahlfors regular measures. {I.} First assume that $0<n-m\le d \le n$ (the case of fast decaying measures). The authors study the Sobolev inequality of the form \[ \|u\|_{Y(\Omega, \mu)}\le C \|\nabla^m u\|_{X(\Omega)} \quad \text{for all } \ u\in W^m_0X(\Omega) \] ($C$ is a positive constant). Using convenient classical endpoint sharp embeddings and $K$-functional techniques from interpolation theory, they reduce the problem to the one-dimensional case, namely to the Hardy-type inequality \[ \Big\|\int^1_{t^\frac{n}{d}} f(s) s^{-1+\frac{m}{n}}\,ds\Big\|_{Y(0,1)} \le c \|f\|_{X(0,1)} \] for all nonnegative and non-increasing functions $f\in X(0,1)$ ($c$ is a positive constant, $Y(0,1)$ and $X(0,1)$ are representation spaces of $Y(\Omega, \mu)$ and $X(\Omega)$). The same characterisation is obtained for the Sobolev inequality of the form \[ \|u\|_{Y(\Omega, \mu)}\le C \|u\|_{W^mX(\Omega)} \quad \text{for all } \ u\in W^mX(\Omega) \] provided that $\Omega$ is bounded and has the cone property, and there exist $x_0 \in \Omega$ and $R>0$ such that \[ \inf _{r\in (0,R]}\frac{\mu(B_r(x_0)\cap \Omega)}{r^d}>0. \] Finally, if $\Omega$ is a bounded Lipschitz domain and $\mu$ is a finite Borel measure on $\overline{\Omega}$ such that \[ \sup _{x\in \mathbb R^n, r>0} \frac{\mu(B_r(x)\cap \overline{\Omega})}{r^d}<\infty\quad \text{and}\quad \inf _{r\in (0,R]}\frac{\mu(B_r(x_0)\cap \overline{\Omega})}{r^d}>0 \] for some $x_0 \in \overline{\Omega}$ and $R>0,$ then the same characterisation is obtained for the Sobolev inequality of the form \[ \|u\|_{Y(\overline{\Omega}, \mu)}\le C \|u\|_{W^mX(\Omega)} \quad \text{for all } \ u\in W^mX(\Omega). \] These are some of the main results of the paper and they are used to describe optimal rearrangement-invariant target spaces for the Sobolev embeddings in question. {II.} Assume now that $0<d<n-m$ (the case of slowly decaying measures). In this case, it is shown that the problem is more involved and that the Hardy-type inequality mentioned above is not sufficient for the embedding of $W^mX(\Omega)$ into $Y(\Omega,\mu)$ or $Y(\overline{\Omega},\mu)$. In this situation, the authors propose two versions of reduction principles which can be used to deal with different classes of rearrangement-invariant norms. In the last section of the paper, the authors apply results established in the previous sections to prove embeddings for standard Sobolev space $W^{m,p}_0(\Omega)$, or $W^{m,p}(\Omega)$, into an optimal rearrangement-invariant target space with respect to a $d$-Frostman measure.

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