Rings of modular forms and a splitting of TMF₀(7)

. This gives evidence to a much more general splitting conjecture. Along the way, we develop several new results on the algebraic side. For example, we show the normality of rings of modular forms of level

n

and introduce cubical versions of moduli stacks of elliptic curves with level structure.

Review text

The aim of this paper is to provide a splitting of the \(\mathrm{TMF}\)-module \(\mathrm{TMF}_0(7)\) at the prime \(3\). The sections from 2 to 7 have a very algebraic flavour, culminating with the proof of Theorem 1.5 stating that the quasi-coherent sheaf \((h_7)_\ast\mathcal{O}_{\overline{\mathcal{M}}_0(7)_{(3)}}\) on \(\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{ell,(3)}\) splits as \[ \mathcal{O}_{\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{ell,(3)}}\oplus\underline{\omega}^{-6}\oplus\left((f_2)_\ast\mathcal{O}_{\overline{\mathcal{M}}_1(2)_{(3)}}\otimes\underline{\omega}^{-2}\right)\oplus\left((f_2)_\ast\mathcal{O}_{\overline{\mathcal{M}}_1(2)_{(3)}}\otimes\underline{\omega}^{-4}\right), \] with \(f_2:\overline{\mathcal{M}}_1(2)_{(3)}\to\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{ell,(3)}\) and \(h_7:\overline{\mathcal{M}}_0(7)_{(3)}\to\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{ell,(3)}\). This implies Theorem 1.6 stating that for every \(\mathbb{Z}_{(3)}\)-algebra \(R\) there is a splitting \[ \mathrm{mf}_\ast(\Gamma_0(7);R)\cong\mathrm{mf}^R_\ast\oplus\mathrm{mf}_{\ast-6}^R\oplus\mathrm{mf}_{\ast-2}(\Gamma_1(2);R)\oplus\mathrm{mf}_{\ast-4}(\Gamma_1(2);R), \] with \(\mathrm{mf}_{\ast}^R=\mathrm{mf}_\ast(\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z};R))\). The last section is devoted to deducing, in Theorem 1.7, the topological analogues of the result above. In particular the authors prove the \(\mathrm{Tmf}_{(3)}\)-module \(\mathrm{Tmf}_0(7)_{(3)}\) decomposes as \[ \mathrm{Tmf}_{(3)}\oplus \Sigma^4\mathrm{Tmf}_1(2)_{(3)}\oplus \Sigma^8\mathrm{Tmf}_1(2)_{(3)}\oplus L, \] with \(L\) an invertible \(\mathrm{Tmf}_{(3)}\)-module described in detail in Appendix B. They also prove that the \(\mathrm{TMF}_{(3)}\)-module \(\mathrm{TMF}_0(7)_{(3)}\) decomposes as \[ \mathrm{TMF}_{(3)}\oplus \Sigma^4\mathrm{TMF}_1(2)_{(3)}\oplus\mathrm{TMF}_1(2)_{(3)}\oplus\Sigma^{36}\mathrm{TMF}_{(3)}. \] The authors begin by computing, in Section 2, the ring of modular forms \(\mathrm{mf}(\Gamma_1(7),\mathbb{Z})\), with the natural action by \(\Gamma_1(7)\backslash \Gamma_0(7)\cong(\mathbb{Z}/7)^{\times}\), then they compute the equations of the universal elliptic curve over \(\mathcal{M}_1(n)\) in Section 3. Their strategy to prove Theorem 1.5 is to prove the statement about the corresponding comodules. In the first half of Section 4 they recall the relationship between graded comodules over a graded Hopf algebroid and quasi-coherent sheaves over its associated stack, while in the second half they recall the definition of \(\mathcal{M}_{cub}\) and show that quasi-coherent sheaves on \(\mathcal{M}_{cub}\) are equivalent to comodules over the Hopf algebroid \((A,\Gamma)\), with \(A=\mathbb{Z}[a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_6]\). Moreover they notice that, at the prime \(3\) a smaller Hopf algebroid \((\tilde{A},\tilde{\Gamma})\) can be considered. In Section 5 and 6 cubical analogues of \(\mathcal{M}_1(n)\) and of \(\mathcal{M}_0(n)\) are defined and studied. In particular they compute \(\tilde{A}\)-bases of \(\tilde{A}\)-algebras \(R_{\tilde{A}}\) and \(S_{\tilde{A}}\) which are defined by \[ \mathrm{Spec}R_{\tilde{A}}\cong\mathcal{M}_1(7)_{cub}\times_{\mathcal{M}_{cub}}\mathrm{Spec}\tilde{A},\qquad\mathrm{Spec}S_{\tilde{A}}\cong\mathcal{M}_0(7)_{cub}\times_{\mathcal{M}_{cub}}\mathrm{Spec}\tilde{A}. \] In Section 7 they deduce Theorem 1.5 from a splitting of \(S_{\tilde{A}}\) as a graded comodule over \((\tilde{A},\tilde{\Gamma})\). Theorem 1.7 is deduced from Theorem 1.5 in Section 8. There are two appendices: Appendix A gives an exposition, on a general ring, of the theory of modular forms with level structure and of their \(q\)-expansions. Appendix B (joint with Martin Olbermann) contains a characterization of \(L\) from Theorem 1.7.

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