Minimal surfaces and the Allen-Cahn equation on 3-manifolds: index, multiplicity, and curvature estimates

DOI10.4007/ANNALS.2020.191.1.4MaRDI QIDQ2287647zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Otis Chodosh, Christos Mantoulidis

Publication date 21 January 2020

Published in Annals of Mathematics. Second Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.02716

zbMATH Keywords

3-manifoldAllen-Cahn equationmin-maxminimal surfacesmultiplicityphase transitions

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Existence theories for optimal control problems involving partial differential equations (49J20) Existence of solutions for minimax problems (49J35) Minimal surfaces and optimization (49Q05)

Abstract: The Allen-Cahn equation is a semilinear PDE which is deeply linked to the theory of minimal hypersurfaces via a singular limit. We prove curvature estimates and strong sheet separation estimates for stable solutions (building on recent work of Wang-Wei) of the Allen-Cahn equation on a 3-manifold. Using these, we are able to show for generic metrics on a 3-manifold, minimal surfaces arising from Allen-Cahn solutions with bounded energy and bounded Morse index are two-sided and occur with multiplicity one and the expected Morse index. This confirms, in the Allen-Cahn setting, a strong form of the multiplicity one conjecture and the index lower bound conjecture of Marques-Neves in 3-dimensions regarding min-max constructions of minimal surfaces. Allen-Cahn min-max constructions were recently carried out by Guaraco and Gaspar-Guaraco. Our resolution of the multiplicity one and the index lower bound conjectures shows that these constructions can be applied to give a new proof of Yau's conjecture on infinitely many minimal surfaces in a 3-manifold with a generic metric (recently proven by Irie-Marques-Neves) with new geometric conclusions. Namely, we prove that a 3-manifold with a generic metric contains, for every $p$ = 1, 2, 3, ..., a two-sided embedded minimal surface with Morse index $p$ and area $p^{1/3}$, as conjectured by Marques-Neves.

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