Embedding of graph inverse semigroups into CLP-compact topological semigroups
Let \(E\) be a given directed graph. The graph inverse semigroup over \(E\) is denoted by \(G(E)\). For every non-zero cardinal number \(\gamma\), a polycyclic monoid \(\mathcal{P}_{\gamma}\) is defined. The polycyclic monoid \(\mathcal{P}_{\gamma}\) is isomorphic to the graph inverse semigroup over a graph which consists of one vertex and \(\gamma\) distinct loops. On the other hand, the graph inverse semigroup \(G(E)\) is isomorphic to a subsemigroup of the polycyclic monoid \(\mathcal{P}_{\mid G(E)\mid}\). A semitopological (respectively, topological) semigroup is a pair \((G, \tau)\) where \(G\) is a semigroup, and \(\tau\) is a topology on the underlying set of \(G\) such that the semigroup operation of \(G\) is separately (respectively, jointly) continuous with respect to \(\tau\). For the directed graph \(E\), let \(\tau_c\) be the topology on \(G(E)\) such that every non-zero element of \(G(E)\) is an isolated point of \((G(E), \tau_C)\), and the neighborhood base of zero consists of all cofinite subsets of \(G(E)\) containing zero. Then \((G(E), \tau_c)\) is the Alexandroff compactification of the discrete space with the underlying set \(G(E)\setminus\{0\}\). A topological space \(X\) is called \(CLP\)-compact if every cover of \(X\) which consists of clopen sets of \(X\) has a finite subcover. All topologies considered in the article are Hausdorff or assumed to be Hausdorff. Suppose \(G(E)\) is equipped with a Hausdorff topology \(\tau\) such that \((G(E), \tau)\) is a semitopological semigroup. The author shows that \((G(E), \tau)\) is compact (respectively, countably compact, feebly compact, \(CLP\)-compact) if and only if \(\tau=\tau_c\). Furthermore, among other properties, the author proves that \((G(E), \tau_c)\) is a topological semigroup if and only if \(G(E)\) contains neither an isomorphic copy of the bicyclic monoid nor an isomorphic copy of the semigroup of \(\omega\times\omega\)-matrix units. The author also proves that if the graph \(E\) is acyclic, then \((G(E), \tau)\) embeds as a dense subsemigroup into a Hausdorff \(CLP\)-compact topological semigroup if and only if \(\tau=\tau_c\). Suppose that the graph inverse semigroup \(G(E)\) is a dense subsemigroup of a Hausdorff \(CLP\)-compact topological semigroup \(S\). Under this assumption, the author proves, for instance, that there exists a cardinal \(\kappa\) such that \(E\) is the disjoint union of directed graphs \(E_{\alpha}\) with \(\alpha\in\kappa\) and of a directed acyclic graph \(F\), such that, for every \(\alpha\in\kappa\), \(E_{\alpha}\) consists of one vertex and one loop; moreover, every open neighborhood of zero contains all but finitely many sets \(G(E_{\alpha})\) and, if the graph \(F\) is non-empty, then \(G(F)\) is a compact subset of \(G(E)\). The author concludes that a Hausdorff semitopological graph inverse semigroup \((G(E), \tau)\) embeds into a Hausdorff compact topological semigroup \(S\) if and only if \(\tau=\tau_c\). The following question is posed: Can a bicyclic monoid with adjoint non-isolated zero be embedded into a Hausdorff countably compact topological semigroup?
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