Global null-controllability and nonnegative-controllability of slightly superlinear heat equations

DOI10.1016/J.MATPUR.2019.10.009MaRDI QIDQ2296329zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 18 February 2020

Published in Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.12232

Carleman estimate null-controllability observability inequality semilinear heat equation

Heat equation (35K05) Controllability (93B05) Observability (93B07) Control/observation systems governed by partial differential equations (93C20)

Abstract: We consider the semilinear heat equation posed on a smooth bounded domain

O m e g a

of

m a t h b b R^{N}

with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. The control input is a source term localized in some arbitrary nonempty open subset

o m e g a

of

O m e g a

. The goal of this paper is to prove the uniform large time global null-controllability for semilinearities

f (s) = p m | s | l o g^{a l p h a} (2 + | s |)

where

a l p h a i n [3 / 2, 2)

which is the case left open by Enrique Fernandez-Cara and Enrique Zuazua in 2000. It is worth mentioning that the free solution (without control) can blow-up. First, we establish the small-time global nonnegative-controllability (respectively nonpositive-controllability) of the system, i.e., one can steer any initial data to a nonnegative (respectively nonpositive) state in arbitrary time. In particular, one can act locally thanks to the control term in order to prevent the blow-up from happening. The proof relies on precise observability estimates for the linear heat equation with a bounded potential

a (t, x)

. More precisely, we show that observability holds with a sharp constant of the order

e x p l e f t (C | a |_{i n f t y}^{1 / 2} i g h t)

for nonnegative initial data. This inequality comes from a new

L^{1}

Carleman estimate. A Kakutani's fixed point argument enables to go back to the semilinear heat equation. Secondly, the uniform large time null-controllability result comes from three ingredients: the global nonnegative-controllability, a comparison principle between the free solution and the solution to the underlying ordinary differential equation which provides the convergence of the free solution toward

0

in

L^{i n f t y} (O m e g a)

-norm, and the local null-controllability of the semilinear heat equation.

Review text

This manuscript deals with semilinear heat equation posed on a bounded, connected, open domain \(\Omega\) of \(\mathbb{R}^N\) with Neumann boundary conditions \[ \left\{ \begin{array} {ll} \partial_t y-\triangle y+f(y)=h 1_w, & \mbox{in} \ Q_T=(0,T) \times \Omega, \\ \frac{\partial y}{\partial n}=0, & \mbox{on} \ (0,T) \times \partial\Omega, \\ y(0,\cdot)=y_0, & \mbox{in} \ \Omega, \end{array} \right.\tag{1} \] where the control input is a source term localized in some arbitrary nonempty open subset \(w\) of \(\Omega\). In addition, \(T >0\), \(n\) is the outer unit normal vector to \(\partial\Omega\) and \(f \in\mathcal{C}^1(\mathbb{R};\mathbb{R})\). Throughout the paper, the author assumes that \(f\) satisfies the restrictive growth condition \[ \exists \alpha >0, \ \frac{f(s)}{|s|\log^{\alpha}(1+|s|)} \rightarrow 0 \ \mbox{as} \ |s|\rightarrow +\infty. \] Besides using the concepts of global null-controllability and local null-controllability, the author introduces a new concept of controllability. System (1) is globally nonnegative-controllable (respectively globally nonpositive controllable) in time \(T\) if for every \(y_0 \in L^{\infty}(\Omega)\), there exists \(h \in L^{\infty}(Q_T)\) such that the solution \(y\) of (1) satisfies \(y(T,\cdot) \geq 0\) (respectively \(y(T,\cdot) \leq 0\)). The first main result of this paper is a small-time global nonnegative-controllability result for (1) and the second one is a large-time global null-controllability result also for (1). All the results of this paper stay valid for Dirichlet boundary conditions, as the author comments in the last section.

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