On uniform observability of gradient flows in the vanishing viscosity limit

DOI10.5802/JEP.151MaRDI QIDQ2660427zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Camille Laurent, Matthieu Léautaud

Publication date 30 March 2021

Published in Journal de l’École polytechnique — Mathématiques (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02147

gradient flow minimal control time parabolic equation semiclassical Schrödinger operator transport equation vanishing viscosity limit

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Singular perturbations in context of PDEs (35B25) Linear first-order PDEs (35F05) Heat equation (35K05) Controllability (93B05) Observability (93B07) Control/observation systems governed by partial differential equations (93C20) Perturbations in control/observation systems (93C73)

Abstract: We consider a transport equation by a gradient vector field with a small viscous perturbation --

e p s i l o n D e l t a_{g}

. We study uniform observability (resp. controllability) properties in the (singular) vanishing viscosity limit

e p s i l o n i g h t a r r o w 0^{+}

, that is, the possibility of having a uniformly bounded observation constant (resp. control cost). We prove with a series of examples that in general, the minimal time for uniform observability may be much larger than the minimal time needed for the observability of the limit equation

e p s i l o n = 0

. We also prove that the two minimal times coincides for positive solutions. The proofs rely on a semiclassical reformulation of the problem together with (a) Agmon estimates concerning decay of eigenfunctions in the classically forbidden region [HS84] (b) fine estimates of the kernel of the semiclassical heat equation [LY86].

Review text

The authors considered in this lengthy paper a transport equation by a gradient vector field with a small viscous perturbation \(-\epsilon \Delta_g\) and studied the uniform observability (respectively controllability) properties in the (singular) vanishing viscosity limit \(\epsilon \to 0^+\), that is, the possibility of having a uniformly bounded observation constant (respectively control cost). They proved with a series of examples that in general, the minimal time for uniform observability may be much larger than the minimal time needed for the observability of the limit equation \(\epsilon = 0\). It is also proved that the two minimal times coincide for positive solutions. The proofs are based on a semiclassical reformulation of the problem together with (i) Agmon estimates concerning the decay of eigenfunctions in the classically forbidden region [\textit{B. Helffer} and \textit{J. Sjöstrand}, Commun. Partial Differ. Equations 9, 337--408 (1984; Zbl 0546.35053)] and (ii) fine estimates of the kernel of the semiclassical heat equation [\textit{P. Li} and \textit{S. T. Yau}, Acta Math. 156, 154--201 (1986; Zbl 0611.58045)].

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