Extensions of unipotent groups, Massey products and Galois theory

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2019.106748MaRDI QIDQ2324583zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Pierre Guillot, Ján Mináč

Publication date 11 September 2019

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.07711

zbMATH Keywords

Galois cohomologygroup cohomologyMassey productssplitting variety

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Galois cohomology (12G05) Massey products (55S30)

Abstract: We study the vanishing of four-fold Massey products in mod p Galois cohomology. First, we describe a sufficient condition, which is simply expressed by the vanishing of some cup-products, in direct analogy with the work of Guillot, Min'av{c} and Topaz for p=2. For local fields with enough roots of unity, we prove that this sufficient condition is also necessary, and we ask whether this is a general fact. We provide a simple splitting variety, that is, a variety which has a rational point if and only if our sufficient condition is satisfied. It has rational points over local fields, and so, if it satisfies a local-global principle, then the Massey Vanishing conjecture holds for number fields with enough roots of unity. At the heart of the paper is the construction of a finite group $ilde{U}_5(mathbb{F}_p)$, which has $U_5(mathbb{F}_p)$ as a quotient. Here $U_n(mathbb{F}_p)$ is the group of unipotent $nimesn$-matrices with entries in the field $mathbb{F}_p$ with p elements; it is classical that $U_{n+1}(mathbb{F}_p)$ is intimately related to n-fold Massey products. Although $ilde{U}_5(mathbb{F}_p)$ is much larger than $U_5(mathbb{F}_p)$, its definition is very natural, and for our purposes, it is easier to study.

Review text

Let \(\bar{F}\) be a separable closure of a field \(F\) and let \(\mathrm{Gal} (\bar{F}/F)\) be the absolute Galois group of \(F\). The \textit{Massey vanishing conjecture} states that for an arbitrary field \(F\), all the higher Massey products \(\langle x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n \rangle \subset H^2(\mathrm{Gal} (\bar{F}/F), \mathbb{Z}_p)\) of elements \(x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n\) of \(H^1(\mathrm{Gal} (\bar{F}/F), \mathbb{Z}_p)\) are trivial whenever they are non-empty. \textit{M. J. Hopkins} and \textit{K. G. Wickelgren} [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 219, No. 5, 1304--1319 (2015; Zbl 1323.55014)] showed that, given \(x_1, x_2, x_3 \in H^1 (\mathrm{Gal} (\bar{F}/F), \mathbb{Z}/p)\), the triple Massey product \(\langle x_1, x_2, x_3 \rangle\) vanishes whenever it is non-empty, where \(F\) is a number field and \(p=2\). This result was generalized to arbitrary fields and \(p =2\) by [\textit{J. Mináč} and \textit{N. D. Tân}, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS) 19, No. 1, 255--284 (2017; Zbl 1372.12004)], and to arbitrary primes \(p\) with \(F\) a global field by [\textit{J. Mináč} and \textit{N. D. Tân}, Doc. Math. 20, 1467--1480 (2015; Zbl 1372.12003)]. Let \(\mathbb{U}_n (\mathbb{F}_p)\) be the group of unipotent \(n\times n\)-matrices with entries in the field \(\mathbb{F}_p\) of \(p\) elements, where \(p\) is a prime. Let \(G\) be any finite group, and suppose that it is equipped with distinguished cohomology classes \(s_1, s_2, \dots, s_n \in H^1 (G,\mathbb{F}_p)\). For any profinite group \(\Gamma\) and classes \(\chi_1, \chi_2,\dots,\chi_n \in H^1 (\Gamma, \mathbb{F}_p)\), we say that {the Massey product of \(\chi_1, \chi_2,\dots,\chi_n\) vanishes in the sense of \(G\)} when there exists \(\psi : \Gamma \rightarrow G\) such that \(\psi^* (s_i) = \chi_i\). In this paper, the authors develop a necessary and sufficient condition for the vanishing of four-fold Massey products in mod \(p\) Galois cohomology. More precisely, the authors show that if \(F\) is a field containing a primitive \(p\)-th root of unity \(\zeta_p\) and if \(a,b,c,d \in F^\times\), then the following assertions are equivalent when \(p =2\), or when either \(a\) (resp. \(d\)) and \(b\) (resp. \(c\)) are linearly independent in \(F^\times/F^{\times p}\), or \(a\) (resp. \(d\)) is a \(p\)-th power: (1) The Massey product of \(a,b,c,d\) vanishes in the sense of \(\widetilde{\mathbb{U}}_5 (\mathbb{F}_p)\), a finite group which has \({\mathbb{U}}_5 (\mathbb{F}_p)\) as a quotient. (2) One can find \(B \in F[\sqrt[p]{a}]\) such that \({\mathrm N}_{F[\sqrt[p]{a}]/F}(B) = bf_1^p\) for some \(f_1 \in F^\times\) and \(C \in F[\sqrt[p]{d}]\) such that \({\mathrm N}_{F[\sqrt[p]{d}]/F}(C) = cf_2^p\) for some \(f_2 \in F^\times\) with the property that the cup products \((\sigma(B), \tau(C))_{F[\sqrt[p]{a}, \sqrt[p]{d}]}\) are zero for any \(\sigma \in \mathrm{Gal}(F[\sqrt[p]{a}]/F)\) and any \(\tau \in \mathrm{Gal}(F[\sqrt[p]{d}]/F)\). Moreover, the authors show that if \(F\) is a local field containing a primitive \(p^2\)-th root of unity, and if \(a,b,c,d \in F^\times\) satisfy the suitable conditions, then the following conditions are equivalent: (1) The Massey product \(\langle a,b,c,d\rangle\) is non-empty. (2) \(\langle a,b,c,d\rangle\) vanishes. (3) \(\langle a,b,c,d\rangle\) vanishes in the sense of \(\widetilde{\mathbb{U}}_5 (\mathbb{F}_p)\). (4) \((a,b)_F = (b,c)_F = (c,d)_F = 0\).

Recommendations

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• Counting Galois \(\mathbb{U}_4(\mathbb{F}_p)\)-extensions using Massey products
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Cites work

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Cited in

(19)

• Triple Massey products of weight \((1,n,1)\) in Galois cohomology
• Higher triple Massey products and symbols
• Two families of pro-\(p\) groups that are not absolute Galois groups
• Enhanced Koszul properties in Galois cohomology
• The kernel unipotent conjecture and the vanishing of Massey products for odd rigid fields
• The Massey vanishing conjecture for number fields
• Triple Massey products over global fields
• \(n\)-nilpotent obstructions to \(\pi_1\) sections of \(\mathbb P^1-\{0,1,\infty\}\) and Massey products
• Triple Massey products vanish over all fields
• Construction of unipotent Galois extensions and Massey products
• Massey products and ideal class groups
• Vanishing of Massey products and Brauer groups
• Massey products \(\langle y,x,x,\ldots ,x,x,y\rangle\) in Galois cohomology via rational points
• Counting Galois \(\mathbb{U}_4(\mathbb{F}_p)\)-extensions using Massey products
• Generalized Bockstein maps and Massey products
• Massey products in Galois cohomology and the elementary type conjecture
• On the behavior of Massey products under field extension
• Massey products in Galois cohomology and Pythagorean fields
• The Massey vanishing conjecture for fourfold Massey products modulo 2

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