Generalized Beatty sequences and complementary triples

DOI10.2140/MOSCOW.2019.8.325MaRDI QIDQ2332793zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Jean-Paul Allouche, F. Michel Dekking

Publication date 5 November 2019

Published in Moscow Journal of Combinatorics and Number Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.03424

zbMATH Keywords

complementary pairs and triplesgeneralized Beatty sequencesKimberling transformmorphic wordsreturn words

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Automata sequences (11B85) Quadratic and bilinear Diophantine equations (11D09) Continued fractions and generalizations (11J70) Combinatorics on words (68R15)

Abstract: A generalized Beatty sequence is a sequence $V$ defined by $V(n)=plfloornalphafloor+qn+r$, for $n=1,2,dots$, where $alpha$ is a real number, and $p,q,r$ are integers. These occur in several problems, as for instance in homomorphic embeddings of Sturmian languages in the integers. Our results are for the case that $alpha$ is the golden mean, but we show how some results generalise to arbitrary quadratic irrationals. We mainly consider the following question: For which sixtuples of integers $p,q,r,s,t,u$ are the two sequences $V=(plfloornalphafloor+qn+r)$ and $W=(slfloornalphafloor+tn+u)$ complementary sequences? We also study complementary triples, i.e., three sequences $V_i=(p_{i}lfloornalphafloor+q_{i}n+r_i),:i=1,2,3$, with the property that the sets they determine are disjoint with union the positive integers.

Review text

A generalized Beatty sequence is a sequence \(V\) defined by \(V(n)=p\lfloor n\alpha \rfloor +qn+r,\) for \(n=1,2,\dots\), where \(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}\), and \(p,q,r\in\mathbb{Z}\). Such sequences occur, for example, in homomorphic embeddings of Sturmian languages in the integers. In the related paper, the authors have been considered the question of characterizing pairs of integer triples \((p,q,r),(s,t,u)\) such that the two sequences \(V(n)=(p\lfloor n\alpha \rfloor +qn+r)\) and \(W(n)=(s\lfloor n\alpha \rfloor +tn+u)\) are complementary (their image sets are disjoint and cover the positive integers). Most of the results derived in this paper are for the case that \(\alpha \) is the golden mean, but how some of them generalize to arbitrary quadratic irrationals have been showed. Also, they have studied triples of sequences \(Vi=(pi\lfloor n\alpha \rfloor +qin+ri),i=1,2,3\) that are complementary in the same sense.

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Cited in

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