Decomposition as the sum of invariant functions with respect to commuting transformations

Additive difference equations (39A10) General theory of functional equations and inequalities (39B05) Functional equations for functions with more general domains and/or ranges (39B52) Systems of functional equations and inequalities (39B72)

Abstract: Let A be an arbitrary set. For any transformation T (self-map of A) let T(f)(x):=f(T(x)) (for all x in A) be the usual shift operator. A function g is called periodic, i.e., invariant mod T, if Tg=g (=Ig, where I is the identity operator). As a natural generalization of various earlier investigations in different function spaces, we study the following problem. Let T_j (j=1,...,n) be arbitrary commuting mappings -- transformations -- from A into A. Under what conditions can we state that a function f from A to A is the sum of "periodic", that is, T_j-invariant functions f_j? An obvious necessary condition is that the corresponding multiple difference operator annihilates f, i.e., D_1 ... D_n f= 0, where D_j:=T_j-I. However, in general this condition is not sufficient, and our goal is to complement this basic condition with others, so that the set of conditions will be both necessary and sufficient.

Review text

Let \(A\) be a fixed nonempty set. For each \(T:A\rightarrow A,\) we may associate a shift operator, also denoted by the same symbol \(T,\) defined by \( (Tf)(x)=f(T(x))\) for \(f:A\rightarrow\mathbb R.\) We may also associate a \(T\)-difference operator \(\Delta _{T}\) defined by \((\Delta _{T}f)(x)=(Tf)(x)-f(x) \) for \(f:A\rightarrow\mathbb R.\) A function \(f:A\rightarrow\mathbb R\) is said to be \(T\)-invariant if \(\Delta _{T}f=0.\) A \((T_{1},\dots,T_{n})\)-invariant decomposition of a function \(f:A\rightarrow\mathbb R\) is a representation \[ f=f_{1}+f_{2}+\cdots +f_{n} \] where \[ \Delta _{T_{1}}f_{1}=\Delta _{T_{2}}f_{2}=\cdots =\Delta _{T_{n}}f_{n}=0. \] Clearly if \(f\) has such a representation, then for pairwise commuting mappings \(T_{1},\dots,T_{n},\) it is necessary that \[ \Delta _{T_{1}}\cdots \Delta _{T_{N}}f=0. \] In this paper, additional conditions are sought such that invariant decompositions exist. A sample result is as follows: Suppose \( T_{1},T_{2}:A\rightarrow A\) are commuting and \(\Delta _{T_{1}}\Delta T_{2}f=0.\) If for some \(x\in A\) and some positive integers \(k,n,k^{\prime },n^{\prime },\) \[ T_{1}^{k}T_{2}^{n}x=T_{1}^{k^{\prime }}T_{2}^{n^{\prime }}x\Rightarrow f(T_{1}^{k}x) =f( T^{k^{\prime }}x), \] then \(f\) is \((T_{1},T_{2})\)-invariant.

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