A characterization of reduced forms of linear differential systems

Differential algebra (12H05) Explicit solutions, first integrals of ordinary differential equations (34A05) Linear ordinary differential equations and systems in the complex domain (34M03)

Abstract: A differential system

[A] :; Y^{'} = A Y

, with

is said to be in reduced form if

where

m a t h f r a k g

is the Lie algebra of the differential Galois group

G

of

[A]

. In this article, we give a constructive criterion for a system to be in reduced form. When

G

is reductive and unimodular, the system

[A]

is in reduced form if and only if all of its invariants (rational solutions of appropriate symmetric powers) have constant coefficients (instead of rational functions). When

G

is non-reductive, we give a similar characterization via the semi-invariants of

G

. In the reductive case, we propose a decision procedure for putting the system into reduced form which, in turn, gives a constructive proof of the classical Kolchin-Kovacic reduction theorem.

Review text

Let \(F\) be an ordinary differential field of a characteristic zero and \(C\) be a field of constants of \(F\). In the paper a linear differential equation \[ Y'=AY,\quad A\in M_F(n) \tag{1} \] is discussed. Let \(G\subset \mathrm{GL}_C(n)\) be the Galois group of the equation (1) and \(\mathfrak g\) be the Lie algebra of \(G\). The authors call a matrix \(B\in M_{\overline{F}}(n)\) a reduced form of matrix \(A\) if \(B\in \mathfrak g\). The matrices \(A\) and \(B\) are connected by the transition (gauge) matrix \(T\in \mathrm{GL}_{\overline{F}}(n)\). The problem of finding the transition matrix \(T\) is solved in the paper. In many interesting cases (for example, if \(G/G^0\) is commutative and the set of differential Galois cohomologies for \(G^0\) is trivial) \(T\) lies in an extension of the field \(F\) by radicals. For such cases an effective algorithm for computing \(T\) is given in the paper.

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