Growth of frequently Birkhoff-universal functions of exponential type on rays

conjugate indicator diagram frequently hypercyclic operators functions of exponential type growth conditions indicator function non-singleton line segment

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Special classes of entire functions of one complex variable and growth estimates (30D15) Universal holomorphic functions of one complex variable (30K99)

Abstract: We consider growth conditions for (frequently) Birkhoff-universal functions of exponential type with respect to the different rays emanating from the origin. For that purpose, we investigate their (conjugate) indicator diagram or, equivalently, their indicator function. Some known results, where growth is measured with respect to the maximum modulus, are extended.

Review text

Let \(X\) be a topological vector space and \(T\) be a continuous operator on \(X\). A vector \(x\in X\) is called a hypercyclic vector (for \(T\)) if its orbit \(\{T^nx:n\in\mathbb N\}\) is dense in \(X\). \(\mathcal{HC}(T,X)\) denotes the set of all hypercyclic vectors for \(T\) on \(X\). A vector \(x\in X\) is called a frequently hypercyclic vector (for \(T\)) if for each non-empty open set \(U\subset X\) the set \(\{n:T^nx\in U\}\) has positive lower density. \(\mathcal{FHC}(T,X)\) denotes the set of all frequently hypercyclic vectors for \(T\) on \(X\). In this work, the author is only concerned with spaces consisting of entire functions and with the translation operator \(T_1\) that maps an entire function \(f\) to \(f(\cdot+ 1)\). For a given compact, convex set \(K\subset\mathbb C\), Exp(\(K\)) denotes the space of all entire functions \(f\) of exponential type such that the conjugate indicator diagram \(K(f)\) of \(f\) belongs to \(K\). For \(v,w\in\mathbb C\) let \([v,w]\) be the closed line segment that connects \(v\) and \(w\). The following theorem is true. { Theorem 1.} Let \(v,w\) be complex numbers and \(K := [v,w]\). Then the set \(\mathcal{FHC}(T_1,\text{Exp}\,(K))\) is nonempty if and only if \(v\neq w\) and \(v,w\in i\mathbb R\), that is, \(K\) is a non-singleton line segment of the imaginary axis. The author obtains two results which show that functions belonging to \(\mathcal{HC}(T_1,\text{Exp}\,(K))\) and \(\mathcal{FHC}(T_1,\text{Exp}\,(K))\) can have a very small rate of growth on the real axis provided \(K\) contains two distinct points of the imaginary axis.

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