Linear algebraic groups as parameterized Picard-Vessiot Galois groups

Differential algebra (12H05) Linear algebraic groups over arbitrary fields (20G15) Algebraic aspects (differential-algebraic, hypertranscendence, group-theoretical) of ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M15) Inverse problems (Riemann-Hilbert, inverse differential Galois, etc.) for ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M50)

Abstract: We show that a linear algebraic group is the Galois group of a parameterized Picard-Vessiot extension of k(x), x' = 1, for certain differential fields k, if and only if its identity component has no one dimensional quotient as a linear algebraic group.

Review text

Let \(k_{0}\) be a differentially closed \(\Pi = \{\partial_{1},\dots, \partial_{m}\}\)-differential field, that is, a differential field with mutually commuting basic derivations \(\partial_{i}\) (\(1\leq i\leq m\)) such that for any \(n\) and for any differential polynomials \(P_{1},\dots, P_{r}, Q\) in \(n\) differential indeterminates (\(P_{1},\dots, P_{r}, Q\in k_{0}\{y_{1},\dots, y_{n}\}\)), if the system \(\{P_{i}(y_{1},\dots, y_{n}) = 0\) (\(1\leq i\leq r\)), \(Q(y_{1},\dots, y_{n})\neq 0\}\) has a solution in some \(\Pi\)-differential overfield of \(k_{0}\), then it has a solution in \(k_{0}\). Let a field \(k = k_{0}(x)\), where \(x\) is transcendental over \(k_{0}\), be considered as a differential field with the set of basic differentiations \(\Delta = \{\partial_{1},\dots, \partial_{m}, \partial_{x}\}\) such that \(\partial_{i}(x) = 0\) (\(1\leq i\leq m\)), \(\partial_{x}(a) = 0\) for any \(a\in k_{0}\), and \(\partial_{x}(x) = 1\). If one considers a linear differential equation \(\partial_{x}Y = AY\) with \(A\in gl_{n}(k)\), then a parameterized Picard-Vessiot (PPV) extension \(K\) of \(k\) for this equation is a \(\Delta\)-differential field \(K = k\langle Z\rangle\) generated by the entries of a matrix \(Z\in gl_{n}(k)\) satisfying \(\partial_{x}Z = AZ\), \(\det Z\neq 0\), such that \(K^{\partial_{x}} = k^{\partial_{x}} = k_{0}\). (If \(F\) is a \(\Delta\)-differential field, then \(F^{\partial_{x}}\) denotes the set \(\{c\in F\,|\,\partial_{x}c=0\}\).) The set of field-theoretic automorphisms of \(K\) that leave \(k\) element-wise fixed and commute with elements of \(\Delta\) forms a group \(G\) called the PPV-group of the equation \(\partial_{x}Y = AY\) (or a PPV-group of the extension \(K\)). The paper under review gives an algebraic characterization of those linear algebraic groups, considered as linear differential algebraic groups, that can occur as PPV groups of PPV extensions of \(k\) (under suitable restrictions on \(k\)). The main result of the paper is the following theorem 1.3: With the above notation, let \(k_{0}\) be a \(\Pi\)-universal field (that is, for any \(\Pi\)-differential field \(E\subseteq k_{0}\), finitely generated over \(\mathbb{Q}\), any \(\Pi\)-finitely generated extension of \(E\) can be differentially embedded over \(E\) to \(k_{0}\)). Let \(G(k_{0})\) be the group of \(k_{0}\)-points of a linear algebraic group \(G\) defined over \(k_{0}\). Then the group \(G(k_{0})\) is a PPV-group of a PPV-extension of \(k = k_{0}(x)\) if and only if the identity component of \(G\) has no quotient (as an algebraic group) isomorphic to the additive group \(\mathbb{G}_{a}\) or the multiplicative group \(\mathbb{G}_{m}\).

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