Pseudo-abelian integrals on slow-fast Darboux systems
abelian integralsbifurcationsDarboux integrabilitylimit cyclespseudo-abelian integralsslow-fast systems
Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Ordinary differential equations and connections with real algebraic geometry (fewnomials, desingularization, zeros of abelian integrals, etc.) (34C08) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23)
The notation used in the manuscript is also used in this review. The authors consider the family of real planar \(1\)-forms \[ \omega_\varepsilon \, = \, P_0 M \frac{dH_0}{H_0} \, + \, \varepsilon M d P_0, \] where \(\varepsilon \in \mathbb{R}\) is a small parameter, \[ M \, = \, \prod_{i=1}^{k} P_i, \quad H_0\, = \, \prod_{i=1}^{k} P_i^{a_i}, \] \(P_i \in \mathbb{R}[x,y]\) for \(i \geq 0\) and \(a_i \in \mathbb{R}\), \(a_i >0\) for \(i \geq 1\). Note that \(\omega_\varepsilon=0\) is Darboux integrable with first integral \(H_\varepsilon \, = \, H_0 P_0^{\varepsilon}\) and that it is slow-fast with \(P_0=0\) the slow manifold. Assume that the family \(\omega_\varepsilon \, = \, 0\) has a family \(\gamma_\varepsilon(t) \subset H_\varepsilon^{-1}(t)\) of cycles. The authors deal with the principal (linear) part of the displacement function of a polynomial perturbation of the form \(\omega_{\varepsilon,\varepsilon_1} \, = \, \omega_\varepsilon \, + \, \varepsilon_1 \eta\) with \(\varepsilon_1>0\). This principal part is the pseudo-abelian integral \[ I_\varepsilon(t) \, = \, \int_{\gamma_\varepsilon(t)} \frac{\eta}{P_0M}, \] whose isolated zeros correspond to limit cycles of \(\omega_{\varepsilon,\varepsilon_1} = 0\) which bifurcate from the nest of cycles formed by \(\gamma_\varepsilon(t)\) and the cycles of the system for \(\varepsilon \, = \, 0\). The authors make several assumptions which are realized by the toy example \(P_0 \, = \, y-x^2\), \(M \, = \, H_0 \, = \, 1-y\). Remark that when \(\varepsilon \neq 0\) (and close to zero), this system has a singular point \(p_\varepsilon = (\varepsilon/(1+\varepsilon), 0)\) which is a saddle for \(\varepsilon<0\) and a center for \(\varepsilon>0\). For \(\varepsilon \, = \, 0\), \(p_0\) belongs to the slow manifold and is a turning point from which Hopf bifurcation can occur. The following value is defined: \(t_\varepsilon \, = \, H_\varepsilon(p_\varepsilon)\). Under the mentioned assumptions, the authors are able to prove a bound for the number of isolated zeros of the pseudo-abelian integrals \(I_\varepsilon(t)\) for \(\varepsilon>0\) and \(t \in (0,t_{\varepsilon})\). This bound is locally uniform with respect to all parameters, that is, parameters of \(\eta\), \(\varepsilon_1\), the coefficients of the polynomials \(P_i\), the exponents \(a_i\) and \(\varepsilon\). This result deals both with all the limit cycles which bifurcate from the nest of cycles: both the canard-like and the Hopf ones. On the other hand, the results of \textit{F. Dumortier} and \textit{R. Roussarie}, see [Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 577, 100 p. (1996; Zbl 0851.34057)] and [J. Differ. Equations 174, No. 1, 1--29 (2001; Zbl 1024.34038)], only consider Canard-like limit cycles but taking into account the whole displacement function instead of only its principal (linear) part given by the pseudo-abelian integral. The main tools used in the proof of this finiteness result is first to consider the \(\varepsilon\)-variation of the \(\gamma_\varepsilon(t)\) cycle which allows to transform the pseudo-abelian integral to an integral of the form \(\eta/(P_0 M)\) along a figure eight-cycle. This integral has better regularity properties with respect to the parameters. Then, the authors blow-up the turning point in order to prove the analyticity of the integral in a convenient time scale. Together with an application of the argument principle, the authors are done. This result is a step forward in the program of proving uniform finiteness of the number of zeroes of pseudo-abelian integrals, see [\textit{M. Bobieński} and \textit{P. Mardešić}, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 97, No. 3, 669--688 (2008; Zbl 1171.34023)] and [\textit{D. Novikov}, Geom. Funct. Anal. 18(2008), No. 5, 1750--1773 (2009; Zbl 1167.32005)].
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