Lie algebras responsible for zero-curvature representations of scalar evolution equations

DOI10.1016/J.GEOMPHYS.2018.10.019MaRDI QIDQ2416883zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Gianni Manno, Sergey Igonin

Publication date 24 May 2019

Published in Journal of Geometry and Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.3575

zbMATH Keywords

Estabrook-Wahlquist's prolongation algebrasgauge transformationsintegrable equationsnormal forms for zero-curvature representations

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Completely integrable infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, integration methods, integrability tests, integrable hierarchies (KdV, KP, Toda, etc.) (37K10) Relations of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian dynamical systems with infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and other algebraic structures (37K30) Lie-Bäcklund and other transformations for infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37K35)

Abstract: Zero-curvature representations (ZCRs) are one of the main tools in the theory of integrable PDEs. In particular, Lax pairs for (1+1)-dimensional PDEs can be interpreted as ZCRs. For any (1+1)-dimensional scalar evolution equation $E$, we define a family of Lie algebras $F(E)$ which are responsible for all ZCRs of $E$ in the following sense. Representations of the algebras $F(E)$ classify all ZCRs of the equation $E$ up to local gauge transformations. To achieve this, we find a normal form for ZCRs with respect to the action of the group of local gauge transformations. As we show in other publications, using these algebras, one obtains some necessary conditions for integrability of the considered PDEs (where integrability is understood in the sense of soliton theory) and necessary conditions for existence of a B"acklund transformation between two given equations. Examples of proving non-integrability and applications to obtaining non-existence results for B"acklund transformations are presented in other publications as well. In our approach, ZCRs may depend on partial derivatives of arbitrary order, which may be higher than the order of the equation $E$. The algebras $F(E)$ generalize Wahlquist-Estabrook prolongation algebras, which are responsible for a much smaller class of ZCRs. In this paper we describe general properties of $F(E)$ and present generators and relations for these algebras. In other publications we study the structure of $F(E)$ for equations of KdV, Krichever-Novikov, Kaup-Kupershmidt, Sawada-Kotera types. Among the obtained algebras, one finds infinite-dimensional Lie algebras of certain matrix-valued functions on rational and elliptic algebraic curves.

Review text

The paper is part of a research program dedicated to a class of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras (real or complex) related to S-integrable \((1+1)\)-dimensional evolution equations. The scalar evolution equations considered here have zero curvature representations whose connection forms involve derivatives of dynamical fields up to some fixed but otherwise arbitrary order. As proven in the present paper, the infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, corresponding to those scalar equations, represent a generalization of Estabrook-Wahlquist's prolongation algebras (EWAs) which appear when the zero curvature representations depend on the dynamical fields only, i.e., zero order derivatives case. The authors also study the structure of these generalized EWAs: generators and identities of the Lie algebras, as well as homomorphisms between generalized EWAs of different order. As a simple illustration of their theoretical constructions, the authors consider in more detail the generalized EWAs for the Korteweg-de Vries equation.

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Cited in

(12)

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• Particle-like, dyx-coaxial and trix-coaxial Lie algebra structures for a multi-dimensional continuous Toda type system

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