Extremal solutions for measure differential inclusions via Stieltjes derivatives

Differentiation (real functions of one variable): general theory, generalized derivatives, mean value theorems (26A24) Generalized ordinary differential equations (measure-differential equations, set-valued differential equations, etc.) (34A06) Initial value problems, existence, uniqueness, continuous dependence and continuation of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34A12) Ordinary differential inclusions (34A60) Applications of operator theory to differential and integral equations (47N20)

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The paper deals with with \(g\)-differential inclusions of the form \[ x'_g(t)\in F(t,x(t)),\quad x(0)=0, \] where \(x'_g\) is the derivative of \(x\) with respect to a nondecreasing left-continuous function \(g\), or equivalently with measure differential inclusions of the form \[ {\mathrm d}x(t)\in F(t,x(t))\,{\mathrm d}\mu,\quad x(0)=0, \] where \(\mu\) is the Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure generated by \(g\). The right-hand side \(F\) is assumed to be a continuous multifunction defined on \([0,1]\times\mathbb R^n\), whose values are nonempty compact convex subsets of \(\mathbb R^n\). The main result provides a sufficient condition on \(F\) (involving its behavior at the values of \(t\) corresponding to the atoms of \(\mu\)) for the existence of an extremal solution, that is, a solution of the inclusion \[ x'_g(t)\in \operatorname{ext}F(t,x(t)),\quad x(0)=0. \] The proof is based on a clever Baire category method inspired by \textit{A. Bressan} [J. Differ. Equations 255, No. 8, 2392--2399 (2013; Zbl 1287.34007)], which deals with ordinary differential inclusions. Finally, using the Krein-Milman theorem, the result is extended to the case when the values of \(F\) are compact but not necessarily convex (this result is new even for ordinary differential inclusions).

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