Tridiagonal matrices with nonnegative entries

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2011.01.003MaRDI QIDQ2431166zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Paul Terwilliger, Kazumasa Nomura

Publication date 11 April 2011

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.1305

zbMATH Keywords

association schemeHessenberg matrixirreducible tridiagonal matricesnonnegative matrix

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Positive matrices and their generalizations; cones of matrices (15B48)

Abstract: In this paper we characterize the nonnegative irreducible tridiagonal matrices and their permutations, using certain entries in their primitive idempotents. Our main result is summarized as follows. Let $d$ denote a nonnegative integer. Let $A$ denote a matrix in $matR$ and let ${h_i}_{i=0}^d$ denote the roots of the characteristic polynomial of $A$. We say $A$ is multiplicity-free whenever these roots are mutually distinct and contained in $R$. In this case $E_i$ will denote the primitive idempotent of $A$ associated with $h_i$ $(0leqileqd)$. We say $A$ is symmetrizable whenever there exists an invertible diagonal matrix $DeltainmatR$ such that $DeltaADelt{a}^{-1}$ is symmetric. Let $Gamma(A)$ denote the directed graph with vertex set $0,1,\mathrm{...},d$, where $iightarrowj$ whenever $ieqj$ and $A_{ij}eq0$. Theorem: Assume that each entry of $A$ is nonnegative. Then the following are equivalent for $0leqs,tleqd$: (i) The graph $Gamma(A)$ is a bidirected path with endpoints $s$, $t$: (ii) The matrix $A$ is symmetrizable and multiplicity-free. Moreover the $(s,t)$-entry of $E_i$ times $(h_i-h_0)\mathrm{...}(h_i-h_{i-1})(h_i-h_{i+1})\mathrm{...}(h_i-h_d)$ is independent of $i$ for $0leqileqd$, and this common value is nonzero. Recently Kurihara and Nozaki obtained a theorem that characterizes the $Q$-polynomial property for symmetric association schemes. We view the above result as a linear algebraic generalization of their theorem.

Review text

The authors characterize the nonnegative irreducible tridiagonal matrices and their permutations, using certain entries in their primitive idempotents.

Cites work

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Cited in

(5)

• A characterization of \(Q\)-polynomial distance-regular graphs using the intersection numbers
• Polynomial properties on large symmetric association schemes
• A spectral equivalent condition of the P-polynomial property for association schemes
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7029170 (Why is no real title available?)
• Bidiagonal pairs, the Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{sl}_2\), and the quantum group \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\)

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