Stability estimates for the lowest eigenvalue of a Schrödinger operator

Inequalities for sums, series and integrals (26D15) Schrödinger operator, Schrödinger equation (35J10) Estimates of eigenvalues in context of PDEs (35P15)

Abstract: There is a family of potentials that minimize the lowest eigenvalue of a Schr"odinger eigenvalue under the constraint of a given L^p norm of the potential. We give effective estimates for the amount by which the eigenvalue increases when the potential is not one of these optimal potentials. Our results are analogous to those for the isoperimetric problem and the Sobolev inequality. We also prove a stability estimate for H"older's inequality, which we believe to be new.

Review text

The authors consider the Schrödinger operator \(-\Delta+V\) in \(L^2({\mathbb R}^d)\). Let \[ \lambda(V) = \inf\left\{ \int_{{\mathbb R}^d} \left( |\nabla\psi|^2 + V|\psi|^2 \right) \,dx :\;\psi\in H^1({\mathbb R}^d)\,, \|\psi\|_2=1 \right\}. \, \] It is well known that \[ \lambda(V)\geq -C\left(\int\limits_{{\mathbb R}^d}V_-^{\gamma+d/2}dx\right)^{1/\gamma}, \tag{LV} \] where \(V_-\) is the negative part of \(V\). Denote by \(\mathcal C_{\gamma,d}\) the sharp constant in the inequalty ({LV}). The authors prove the existence and uniqueness (up to translations and dilations) of an optimizer of ({LV}). Let \(\mathcal M\) be the set of all optimizing potentials \(W\). The main results of the paper under review are the following stability estimates. Let \(\gamma> 1/2\) if \(d=1\) and \(\gamma>0\) if \(d\geq 2\). Then: [(i)] For \(\gamma + d/2 \leq 2\), there is a constant \(c_{\gamma,d}>0\) such that for any \(V\in L^{\gamma+d/2}({\mathbb R}^d)\), \[ \frac{|\lambda(V)|}{\left(\int\limits_{{\mathbb R}^d} V_-^{\gamma+d/2} \,dx\right)^{1/\gamma}} \leq \mathcal C_{\gamma,d} \left( 1 - c_{\gamma,d} \inf_{W\in\mathcal M} \frac{\|V_--W_-\|_{\gamma+d/2}^2}{\|V_-\|_{\gamma+d/2}^2} \right) \,.\tag{main1} \] [(ii)] For \(\gamma + d/2 \geq 2\), there is a constant \(c_{\gamma,d}>0\) such that for any \(V\in L^{\gamma+d/2}({\mathbb R}^d)\), \[ \frac{|\lambda(V)|}{\left(\int\limits_{{\mathbb R}^d} V_-^{\gamma+d/2} \,dx\right)^{1/\gamma}} \leq \mathcal C_{\gamma,d} \left( 1 - c_{\gamma,d} \inf_{W\in\mathcal M} \frac{ \left\|V_-^{2/(q-2)}-W_-^{2/(q-2)}\right\|^2_{q/2}}{\left\|V_-^{2/(q-2)}\right\|_{q/2}^2 } \right) \,,\tag{main2} \] where \(\frac{1}{\gamma+d/2} + \frac 2q = 1\). The authors also prove a new stability estimate for Hölder's inequality. Let \(p\geq 2\) and \(D_p(f)(x) = \|f\|^{1-p}_p |f|^{p-2}(x)\overline{f(x)}\), then for \(\|f\|_p=\|g\|_{p'}=1\) \[ \left|\int\limits_X fg d\mu\right| \leq 1-\frac{p'-1}{4}\|D_p(f)-e^{i\theta}g\|_{p'}^2, \] \[ \left|\int\limits_X fg d\mu\right| \leq 1-\frac{1}{p2^{p-1}}\|e^{i\theta}f-D_{p'}(g)\|_{p}^p, \] where \(\theta\in[0,2\pi]\) is such that \(\int\limits_X fgd\mu > 0\).

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