The boundary rigidity problem in the presence of a magnetic field

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2007.05.014MaRDI QIDQ2456973zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Gabriel P. Paternain, Gunther Uhlmann, N. S. Dairbekov, Plamen Stefanov

Publication date 29 October 2007

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0611788

action boundary rigidity gauge invariance magnetic field magnetic geodesics

Geodesic flows in symplectic geometry and contact geometry (53D25) Variational problems in applications to the theory of geodesics (problems in one independent variable) (58E10) Inverse problems (including inverse scattering) in optics and electromagnetic theory (78A46)

Abstract: For a compact Riemannian manifold with boundary, endowed with a magnetic potential

a l p h a

, we consider the problem of restoring the metric

g

and the magnetic potential

a l p h a

from the values of the Ma~n'e action potential between boundary points and the associated linearized problem. We study simple magnetic systems. In this case, knowledge of the Ma~n'e action potential is equivalent to knowledge of the scattering relation on the boundary which maps a starting point and a direction of a magnetic geodesic into its end point and direction. This problem can only be solved up to an isometry and a gauge transformation of

a l p h a

. For the linearized problem, we show injectivity, up to the natural obstruction, under explicit bounds on the curvature and on

a l p h a

. We also show injectivity and stability for

g

and

a l p h a

in a generic class

m a t h c a l G

including real analytic ones. For the nonlinear problem, we show rigidity for real analytic simple

g

,

a l p h a

. Also, rigidity holds for metrics in a given conformal class, and locally, near any

(g, a l p h a) i n m a t h c a l G

.

Review text

Consider a manifold \(M\), diffeomorphic to a ball of \(\mathbb{R}^n\), endowed with a `magnetic system' \((g,\alpha)\), i.e., a Riemannian metric \(g\) and a 1-form \(\alpha\) (called magnetic potential). The Lorentz force is then the bundle map \(Y: TM\to TM\) determined by \(d\alpha_x(\xi,\eta)=\langle Y_x(\xi), \eta\rangle\) (for \(x\in M\), \(\xi,\eta\in T_xM)\). The so-called `magnetic geodesics' are the curves \(\gamma\) on \(M\) such that \(\nabla_{\dot\gamma}\dot\gamma= Y(\dot\gamma)\). They have constant speed. For any \(x,y\in M\), there exists a unique unit speed magnetic geodesic \(\gamma_{x,y}: [0,T_{x,y}]\to M\) from \(x\) to \(y\). The `time-free action' of a curve \(\gamma\) (from \([0,T]\) into \(M\)) is \[ A(\gamma):= {1\over 2} \int^T_0 |\dot\gamma(t)|^2 \,dt+{T\over 2}- \int_\gamma\alpha. \] \(A(\gamma_{x,y})= T_{x,y}- \int_{\gamma_{x,y}}\alpha\) minimizes \(\{A(\gamma)\mid \gamma: [0,T]\to M;\gamma(0)= x,\gamma(T)= y\}\). The `boundary action function' \(A\) is defined on \(\partial M\times\partial M\) by \(A(x,y):= A(\gamma_{x,y})\). (If \(\alpha= 0\), this is simply the Riemannian distance between \(x\) and \(y\).) Knowledge of \(A\) happens to be equivalent to the knowledge of the `scattering relation' on the boundary, which maps a starting point and a (inward unit tangent) vector of a magnetic geodesic to its endpoint and (outward unit tangent) vector. The boundary action function \(A\) is invariant under `gauge equivalence', i.e., under any transform \((g,\alpha)\mapsto (f^* g, f^*\alpha+ d\varphi)\) of the magnetic system, where \(f\) is a diffeomorphism of \(M\) which is the identity on \(\partial M\), and \(\varphi\) is a \(C^1\) function on \(M\) which vanishes on \(\partial M\). The magnetic system \((g,\alpha)\) on \(M\) is said to be `magnetic boundary rigid' if any other magnetic system on \(M\) having the same boundary action function \(A\) is gauge equivalent to \((g,\alpha)\). The main results of this dense article are that magnetic boundary rigidity holds: -- locally; within a conformal class; within real analytic magnetic systems; in dimension two; if boundary rigidity holds (within the class of Riemannian metrics \(g\)).

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