Faà di Bruno subalgebras of the Hopf algebra of planar trees from combinatorial Dyson-Schwinger equations.

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2007.12.003MaRDI QIDQ2482055zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Loïc Foissy

Publication date 16 April 2008

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0707.1204

zbMATH Keywords

Faà di Bruno Hopf algebrasHopf algebras of rooted trees

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Trees (05C05) Perturbative methods of renormalization applied to problems in quantum field theory (81T15)

Abstract: We consider the combinatorial Dyson-Schwinger equation X=B^+(P(X)) in the non-commutative Connes-KreimerHopf algebra of planar rooted trees H, where B^+ is the operator of grafting on a root, and P a formal series. The unique solution X of this equation generates a graded subalgebra A_P ofH. We describe all the formal series P such that A_P is a Hopf subalgebra. We obtain in this way a 2-parameters family of Hopf subalgebras of H, organized into three isomorphism classes: a first one, restricted to a olynomial ring in one variable; a second one, restricted to the Hopf subalgebra of ladders, isomorphic to the Hopf algebra of quasi-symmetric functions; a last (infinite) one, which gives a non-commutative version of the Fa`a di Bruno Hopf algebra. By taking the quotient, the last classe gives an infinite set of embeddings of the Fa`a di Bruno algebra into the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of rooted trees. Moreover, we give an embedding of the free Fa`a di Bruno Hopf algebra on D variables into a Hopf algebra of decorated rooted trees, togetherwith a non commutative version of this embedding.

Review text

Let \(K\) be a field of characteristic zero, \(\mathcal H_{CK}\) the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of rooted trees. \(\mathcal H_{CK}\) is commutative as an algebra, and has a Hopf subalgebra isomorphic to the Hopf algebra of functions on the group under composition of formal diffeomorphisms, also called the Faà di Bruno Hopf algebra \(\mathcal H_{FdB}\). The author has introduced a non-commutative version \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\) of \(\mathcal H_{CK}\) [Bull. Sci. Math. 126, No. 4, 249-288 (2002; Zbl 1013.16027)], which contains a non-commutative version of \(\mathcal H_{FdB}\) whose Abelianization is isomorphic to \(\mathcal H_{FdB}\). The paper under review considers a family of subalgebras \(\mathcal A_{N,P}\) of \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\), where \(P\) is a formal series in \(K[\![h]\!]\) with constant term 1. There is a unique solution \(X_P\) in the completion of \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\) of the equation \(X_P=B^+(P(X_P))\), where \(B^+\) is the operator of grafting on a root. \(\mathcal A_{N,P}\) is the subalgebra of \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\) generated by the homogeneous components of \(X_P\). The main theorem of the paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions for \(\mathcal A_{N,P}\) to be a Hopf subalgebra of \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\), which involve the existence of two scalars \(a\) and \(b\) in \(K\) satisfying certain conditions involving \(P\). Thus a two parameter family \(\mathcal A_{N,a,b}\) of Hopf subalgebras of \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\) is obtained. Equalities between the \(\mathcal A_{N,a,b}\), and their isomorphism classes are determined. There are three isomorphism classes: one for \(a=0\), \(b=1\); one for \(a=1\), \(b=-1\); and one for \(a=1\), \(b\) different from \(-1\). This last class consists of non-commutative versions of \(\mathcal H_{FdB}\). By Abelianizing, analogous results hold for \(\mathcal H_{CK}\). A final section makes some observations about the free Faà di Bruno algebra on a fixed finite number of variables.

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Cited in

(41)

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