Faà di Bruno subalgebras of the Hopf algebra of planar trees from combinatorial Dyson-Schwinger equations. (Q2482055)

Let \(K\) be a field of characteristic zero, \(\mathcal H_{CK}\) the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of rooted trees. \(\mathcal H_{CK}\) is commutative as an algebra, and has a Hopf subalgebra isomorphic to the Hopf algebra of functions on the group under composition of formal diffeomorphisms, also called the Faà di Bruno Hopf algebra \(\mathcal H_{FdB}\). The author has introduced a non-commutative version \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\) of \(\mathcal H_{CK}\) [Bull. Sci. Math. 126, No. 4, 249-288 (2002; Zbl 1013.16027)], which contains a non-commutative version of \(\mathcal H_{FdB}\) whose Abelianization is isomorphic to \(\mathcal H_{FdB}\). The paper under review considers a family of subalgebras \(\mathcal A_{N,P}\) of \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\), where \(P\) is a formal series in \(K[\![h]\!]\) with constant term 1. There is a unique solution \(X_P\) in the completion of \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\) of the equation \(X_P=B^+(P(X_P))\), where \(B^+\) is the operator of grafting on a root. \(\mathcal A_{N,P}\) is the subalgebra of \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\) generated by the homogeneous components of \(X_P\). The main theorem of the paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions for \(\mathcal A_{N,P}\) to be a Hopf subalgebra of \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\), which involve the existence of two scalars \(a\) and \(b\) in \(K\) satisfying certain conditions involving \(P\). Thus a two parameter family \(\mathcal A_{N,a,b}\) of Hopf subalgebras of \(\mathcal H_{NCK}\) is obtained. Equalities between the \(\mathcal A_{N,a,b}\), and their isomorphism classes are determined. There are three isomorphism classes: one for \(a=0\), \(b=1\); one for \(a=1\), \(b=-1\); and one for \(a=1\), \(b\) different from \(-1\). This last class consists of non-commutative versions of \(\mathcal H_{FdB}\). By Abelianizing, analogous results hold for \(\mathcal H_{CK}\). A final section makes some observations about the free Faà di Bruno algebra on a fixed finite number of variables.