The Kowalevskaya exponents and rational integrability of polynomial differential systems.
Explicit solutions, first integrals of ordinary differential equations (34A05) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Symmetries, invariants of ordinary differential equations (34C14) Dynamics induced by flows and semiflows (37C10)
Consider a polynomial differential system of the form \[ \dot{x} = P(x) \tag{1} \] where \(x \in \mathbb{C}^n\) and each of the components \(P_i(x)\) is a complex polynomial. The paper deals with quasihomogeneous systems and aims to give criteria to determine whether there exists a polynomial or rational first integral to (1), using the Kowalevskaya exponents. The problem of algebraic integrability of a polynomial system has recently caught much attention, and the main idea in many of these works is to establish a relationship between the existence of an algebraic first integral and a certain quantity which characterizes each singularity of the system. In this work, the quantity considered is the Kowalevskaya exponent, which can only be defined under some technical assumptions such as the system to be quasihomogeneous. Following the definitions given in the paper, system (1) is called \(s=(s_1,\ldots,s_n)\)-quasihomoge\-neous of weight degree \(d\) if each \(P_i(x)\) is an \(s-(s_i-1+d)\)-type polynomial, \(i=1, \ldots, n\). A polynomial \(p(x)\) is said to be \(s-d\)-type quasihomoge\-neous if the relation \(p(l^{s_1} x_1, \ldots, l^{s_n} x_n) = l^d p(x_1,\ldots, x_n)\) holds for all \(l \in \mathbb{R}\). Let us now introduce the definition of Kowalevskaya exponents. We first define the weight vector \(w=s/(d-1)\) and a point \(c \in \mathbb{C}^n\backslash \{0\}\) is called a balance if it satisfies the algebraic equation \(P(c) + w c =0\), where \(w c := (w_1 c_1, \ldots, w_n c_n)\). To each balance \(c\), we define the matrix \(K(c) = DP(c) + \text{ diag}(w_1, \ldots, w_n)\), where \(DP(c)\) is the differential of \(P\) evaluated at \(c\). The eigenvalues of \(K(c)\) are called the Kowalevskaya exponents of \(c\). The use of Kowalevskaya exponents to study the algebraic integrability of polynomial differential systems is very natural, see for instance the compiled work by \textit{H. Yoshida} [Celestial Mech. 31, 363--379 (1983; Zbl 0556.70014) and 381--399 (1983; Zbl 0556.70015)]. The paper gives two generalizations from the results given by \textit{J. Llibre} and \textit{X. Zhang} [Nonlinearity 15, 1269--1280 (2002; Zbl 1024.34001)], who studied homogeneous differential systems of degree \(2\). In the present paper, it is presented the following link between the Kowalevskaya exponents and the degree of a polynomial first integral. Theorem: For each balance \(c\) of an \((s_1,\ldots,s_n)-d\) system (1), with \(d \geq 2\), let \(\rho_1=-1, \rho_2, \ldots, \rho_n\) be the Kowalevskaya exponents associated with a balance \(c\). If the system has an \((s_1,\ldots,s_n)-m\) polynomial first integral, then there exist nonnegative integers \(k_2, \ldots, k_n\) satisfying \(k_2 + \ldots + k_n \leq m\) and \(k_2 \rho_2 + \ldots + k_n \rho_n \leq m/(d-1)\). Moreover, for planar quasihomogeneous differential systems, the following characterization of rational and integrability is given. Theorem: Let us consider a planar \(n=2\) system (1) defined by coprime complex polynomials which is \((s_1,s_2)-d\) quasi-homogeneous with \(d \geq 2\). Then, the system always has at least one and at most \(d+1\) balances, and it has a polynomial (resp. rational) first integral if and only if, for every balance \(c\) of the system with Kowalevskaya exponent \((-1, \rho)\), we have \(\rho \in \mathbb{Q}^+\) (resp. \(\rho \in \mathbb{Q}\backslash \{ 0 \}\)).
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